NSG 500: ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY
AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
|GRADE A+| JUST RELEASED
1. A 55-year-old male with a history of chronic cigarette smoking presents with a cough. A
biopsy of his bronchial epithelium reveals a change from ciliated columnar cells to stratified
squamous cells. This is an example of:
A. Metaplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, often as a protective response to chronic irritation like smoking.
,2. Which process is characterized by programmed cell death that does not typically trigger an
inflammatory response?
A. Necrosis
B. Infarction
C. Autophagy
D. Apoptosis
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis is an active, organized process of cellular self-
destruction that avoids the release of intracellular contents into the extracellular space,
thus preventing inflammation.
3. A patient is diagnosed with a condition caused by the silencing of a gene via DNA
methylation rather than a change in the DNA sequence. This mechanism is known as:
A. Epigenetics
B. Translocation
C. Mutation
D. Aneuploidy
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Epigenetics involves changes in gene expression, such as
methylation or histone modification, that do not alter the underlying DNA sequence.
, 4. In the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), what is the primary function of
Angiotensin II?
A. Systemic vasoconstriction and stimulation of aldosterone release
B. Promotion of potassium reabsorption
C. Inhibition of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
D. Reduction of systemic vascular resistance
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates the
adrenal cortex to release aldosterone, which increases sodium and water retention.
5. A patient presents with hives and wheezing immediately after being stung by a bee. This
Type I hypersensitivity reaction is primarily mediated by:
A. IgG
B. IgE
C. IgM
D. IgA
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate allergic reaction
mediated by IgE antibodies binding to mast cells, triggering degranulation.
AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
|GRADE A+| JUST RELEASED
1. A 55-year-old male with a history of chronic cigarette smoking presents with a cough. A
biopsy of his bronchial epithelium reveals a change from ciliated columnar cells to stratified
squamous cells. This is an example of:
A. Metaplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, often as a protective response to chronic irritation like smoking.
,2. Which process is characterized by programmed cell death that does not typically trigger an
inflammatory response?
A. Necrosis
B. Infarction
C. Autophagy
D. Apoptosis
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis is an active, organized process of cellular self-
destruction that avoids the release of intracellular contents into the extracellular space,
thus preventing inflammation.
3. A patient is diagnosed with a condition caused by the silencing of a gene via DNA
methylation rather than a change in the DNA sequence. This mechanism is known as:
A. Epigenetics
B. Translocation
C. Mutation
D. Aneuploidy
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Epigenetics involves changes in gene expression, such as
methylation or histone modification, that do not alter the underlying DNA sequence.
, 4. In the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), what is the primary function of
Angiotensin II?
A. Systemic vasoconstriction and stimulation of aldosterone release
B. Promotion of potassium reabsorption
C. Inhibition of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
D. Reduction of systemic vascular resistance
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates the
adrenal cortex to release aldosterone, which increases sodium and water retention.
5. A patient presents with hives and wheezing immediately after being stung by a bee. This
Type I hypersensitivity reaction is primarily mediated by:
A. IgG
B. IgE
C. IgM
D. IgA
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate allergic reaction
mediated by IgE antibodies binding to mast cells, triggering degranulation.
