NR565 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY
FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE (VERIFIED
AND CORRECT Q & A) SATISFACTION
GUARANTEED 2026/2027
CHAMBERLAIN
1. A patient with heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is currently taking an
ACE inhibitor and a beta-blocker. Which additional agent is recommended to reduce
mortality in patients with NYHA Class II-IV heart failure who meet specific renal and
potassium criteria?
A. Spironolactone
B. Furosemide
C. Digoxin
D. Amlodipine
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) like
spironolactone have been shown to reduce mortality and hospitalizations in HFrEF
patients, unlike loop diuretics or digoxin, which primarily manage symptoms.
,2. Which of the following laboratory parameters must be monitored most closely when
initiating therapy with an ACE inhibitor or an ARB?
A. Serum calcium and magnesium
B. Hemoglobin A1c
C. Liver function tests (ALT/AST)
D. Serum potassium and creatinine
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: ACE inhibitors and ARBs can cause hyperkalemia and acute
kidney injury (increase in creatinine) due to their effects on the renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone system and efferent arteriolar vasodilation.
3. A 55-year-old male with a history of asthma is diagnosed with hypertension. Which class of
antihypertensives should be used with extreme caution or avoided in this patient?
A. Calcium Channel Blockers
B. Thiazide Diuretics
C. Non-selective Beta-Blockers
D. ACE Inhibitors
Answer: C
, Conceptual Explanation: Non-selective beta-blockers (like Propranolol) block Beta-2
receptors in the lungs, which can lead to bronchoconstriction and exacerbate asthma
symptoms.
4. What is the primary mechanism of action for Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2)
inhibitors in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes?
A. Increasing insulin secretion from the pancreas
B. Decreasing hepatic glucose production
C. Inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the proximal renal tubule
D. Delaying carbohydrate absorption in the gut
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: SGLT2 inhibitors lower blood glucose by promoting the
excretion of glucose in the urine (glucosuria) by blocking its reabsorption in the kidneys.
5. A patient is prescribed Warfarin for atrial fibrillation. What is the standard target
International Normalized Ratio (INR) for this patient?
A. 2.0 - 3.0
B. 1.0 - 1.5
C. 3.0 - 4.5
D. 0.5 - 1.0
Answer: A
FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE (VERIFIED
AND CORRECT Q & A) SATISFACTION
GUARANTEED 2026/2027
CHAMBERLAIN
1. A patient with heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is currently taking an
ACE inhibitor and a beta-blocker. Which additional agent is recommended to reduce
mortality in patients with NYHA Class II-IV heart failure who meet specific renal and
potassium criteria?
A. Spironolactone
B. Furosemide
C. Digoxin
D. Amlodipine
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) like
spironolactone have been shown to reduce mortality and hospitalizations in HFrEF
patients, unlike loop diuretics or digoxin, which primarily manage symptoms.
,2. Which of the following laboratory parameters must be monitored most closely when
initiating therapy with an ACE inhibitor or an ARB?
A. Serum calcium and magnesium
B. Hemoglobin A1c
C. Liver function tests (ALT/AST)
D. Serum potassium and creatinine
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: ACE inhibitors and ARBs can cause hyperkalemia and acute
kidney injury (increase in creatinine) due to their effects on the renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone system and efferent arteriolar vasodilation.
3. A 55-year-old male with a history of asthma is diagnosed with hypertension. Which class of
antihypertensives should be used with extreme caution or avoided in this patient?
A. Calcium Channel Blockers
B. Thiazide Diuretics
C. Non-selective Beta-Blockers
D. ACE Inhibitors
Answer: C
, Conceptual Explanation: Non-selective beta-blockers (like Propranolol) block Beta-2
receptors in the lungs, which can lead to bronchoconstriction and exacerbate asthma
symptoms.
4. What is the primary mechanism of action for Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2)
inhibitors in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes?
A. Increasing insulin secretion from the pancreas
B. Decreasing hepatic glucose production
C. Inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the proximal renal tubule
D. Delaying carbohydrate absorption in the gut
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: SGLT2 inhibitors lower blood glucose by promoting the
excretion of glucose in the urine (glucosuria) by blocking its reabsorption in the kidneys.
5. A patient is prescribed Warfarin for atrial fibrillation. What is the standard target
International Normalized Ratio (INR) for this patient?
A. 2.0 - 3.0
B. 1.0 - 1.5
C. 3.0 - 4.5
D. 0.5 - 1.0
Answer: A
