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TRANSCULTURAL CONCEPTS IN NURSING CARE, 9TH EDITION BY
JOYCEEN S. BOYLE, JOHN W. COLLINS, MARGARET M. ANDREWS, AND
PATTI LUDWIG-BEYMER EXAM QUESTIONS LATEST VERSION 2026 - 2027
Transcultural Concepts in Nursing Care, 9th Edition by Joyceen S. Boyle, John W.
Collins, Margaret M. Andrews, and Patti Ludwig-Beymer.
Summarized 10-Point Exam Coverage
Based on the textbook’s table of contents, this exam covers the following ten core
domains:
1. Theoretical Foundations of Transcultural Nursing: Leininger’s Culture Care
theory, ethnonursing, cultural universals and diversities, and the history of
transcultural nursing.
2. Culturally Competent Nursing Care: Cultural competence models, cultural
humility, cultural safety, and the nursing process in transcultural care.
3. Cultural Competence in Health History and Assessment: Culturally sensitive
assessment techniques, the Andrews/Boyle Transcultural Nursing Assessment
Guide, and communication across cultures.
4. Influence of Cultural and Health Belief Systems: Health belief systems, folk
medicine, complementary and alternative therapies, and culture-bound
syndromes.
5. Transcultural Perspectives Across the Lifespan: Childbearing, child and
adolescent care, adult care, and care of older adults from a cultural perspective.
6. Creating Culturally Competent Health Care Organizations: Organizational
cultural competence, health equity, and workforce diversity.
7. Mental Health Vulnerabilities and Culture Care: Cultural influences on mental
health, stigma, and culturally responsive mental health care.
8. Culture, Family, and Community: Family structures, community health, and
culturally appropriate community-based care.
9. Religion, Faith, Culture, and Nursing: Religious and spiritual beliefs, their
impact on health, and culturally sensitive spiritual care.
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10. Health Equity, Social Justice, and Cultural Competence: Social determinants
of health, health disparities, and advocacy for vulnerable populations.
Part 1: Foundations of Transcultural Nursing (Questions 1–80)
Chapter 1: Theoretical Foundations of Transcultural Nursing
1. Which nursing theorist is credited with developing the Culture Care Diversity and
Universality Theory, which serves as the foundational framework for transcultural
nursing?
A. Jean Watson
B. Madeleine Leininger
C. Dorothea Orem
D. Martha Rogers
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Madeleine Leininger developed the Culture Care Diversity and Universality
Theory, which emphasizes the importance of understanding cultural care in nursing
practice and serves as the foundational framework for transcultural nursing.
2. Which qualitative research method, developed by Leininger, focuses on studying
nursing care beliefs, values, and practices as perceived and known by a specific culture
through their direct experiences?
A. Ethnocentrism
B. Ethnography
C. Ethnonursing
D. Cultural relativism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Ethnonursing is a qualitative research method developed by Leininger that
focuses on studying nursing care beliefs, values, and practices as perceived and known
by a specific culture through their direct experiences.
3. The concept of "cultural universals" in transcultural nursing refers to which of the
following sets of care meanings and practices?
A. Cultural practices that are harmful and must be eliminated
B. Common care meanings, patterns, and practices shared across cultures
C. Western medical practices applied globally
D. Nursing interventions that work for all patients regardless of culture
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Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cultural universals are those care meanings, patterns, and practices that
are common across cultures. Leininger identified both cultural universals (similarities)
and cultural diversities (differences) in her theory.
4. Which of the following best defines transcultural nursing as it is understood in
contemporary nursing practice?
A. Nursing care provided to patients who travel internationally
B. A comparative study and practice of nursing care focused on differences and
similarities among cultures
C. Nursing care provided by nurses from different cultural backgrounds
D. The translation of medical information across language barriers
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Transcultural nursing is defined as a comparative study and practice of
nursing care that focuses on the differences and similarities of cultural beliefs, values,
and practices to provide culturally congruent care.
5. Which component of transcultural nursing has been greatly supported through
research conducted by anthropologists, particularly regarding the female role in family
structure?
A. Nursing interventions planned on the basis of age and developmental norms
B. Evaluation of the understanding of risk factors based on cognitive function
C. Implementation of nursing care respectful of the individual's economic status
D. Assessment of a woman's ability to function successfully in her role within the family
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Anthropology refers to the study of humans and humankind, including their
origins, behavior, social relationships, physical and mental characteristics, customs,
and development. Social relationships include the female role in the family structure.
6. Which is the primary basis for the need for transcultural nursing in a healthcare
setting that serves a multicultural metropolitan community?
A. The nursing responsibility to provide nursing care for each client who demonstrates
respect and acceptance
B. The ever-expanding numbers of immigrants entering the United States requiring
physical and mental health care
C. The diversity seen in the values, beliefs, behaviors, as well as physical and mental
characteristics of the client population
D. The varying economic and social backgrounds represented in the population present
unique barriers to healthcare delivery
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: There is a marked increase in the migration of people within and between
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countries worldwide. As a result, transcultural nursing is needed because of the growing
diversity that characterizes our national and global populations.
7. Which of the following terms describes the belief that one's own culture is superior to
all other cultures, which can negatively impact nursing care?
A. Cultural relativism
B. Ethnocentrism
C. Cultural humility
D. Cultural safety
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own culture is superior to others,
which can lead to biased care and poor patient outcomes.
8. Which of the following terms describes the practice of understanding a culture on its
own terms without making value judgments based on one's own cultural standards?
A. Ethnocentrism
B. Cultural relativism
C. Cultural imposition
D. Cultural blindness
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cultural relativism is the practice of understanding a culture on its own
terms without judging it by the standards of another culture.
9. What is the primary goal of transcultural nursing according to Leininger's theory?
A. To provide culturally congruent care that fits the client's cultural values, beliefs, and
practices
B. To ensure all patients receive the same standardized care
C. To encourage patients to adopt Western medical practices
D. To minimize the influence of culture on healthcare delivery
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The primary goal of transcultural nursing is to provide culturally congruent
care that is meaningful and beneficial to the client's cultural values, beliefs, and
practices.
10. Which of the following best describes the concept of "cultural care preservation or
maintenance" in Leininger's model?
A. Assisting clients to modify their cultural practices to improve health
B. Supporting and facilitating cultural care practices that are beneficial to health
C. Restructuring cultural practices that are harmful
D. Ignoring cultural practices that do not align with Western medicine
TRANSCULTURAL CONCEPTS IN NURSING CARE, 9TH EDITION BY
JOYCEEN S. BOYLE, JOHN W. COLLINS, MARGARET M. ANDREWS, AND
PATTI LUDWIG-BEYMER EXAM QUESTIONS LATEST VERSION 2026 - 2027
Transcultural Concepts in Nursing Care, 9th Edition by Joyceen S. Boyle, John W.
Collins, Margaret M. Andrews, and Patti Ludwig-Beymer.
Summarized 10-Point Exam Coverage
Based on the textbook’s table of contents, this exam covers the following ten core
domains:
1. Theoretical Foundations of Transcultural Nursing: Leininger’s Culture Care
theory, ethnonursing, cultural universals and diversities, and the history of
transcultural nursing.
2. Culturally Competent Nursing Care: Cultural competence models, cultural
humility, cultural safety, and the nursing process in transcultural care.
3. Cultural Competence in Health History and Assessment: Culturally sensitive
assessment techniques, the Andrews/Boyle Transcultural Nursing Assessment
Guide, and communication across cultures.
4. Influence of Cultural and Health Belief Systems: Health belief systems, folk
medicine, complementary and alternative therapies, and culture-bound
syndromes.
5. Transcultural Perspectives Across the Lifespan: Childbearing, child and
adolescent care, adult care, and care of older adults from a cultural perspective.
6. Creating Culturally Competent Health Care Organizations: Organizational
cultural competence, health equity, and workforce diversity.
7. Mental Health Vulnerabilities and Culture Care: Cultural influences on mental
health, stigma, and culturally responsive mental health care.
8. Culture, Family, and Community: Family structures, community health, and
culturally appropriate community-based care.
9. Religion, Faith, Culture, and Nursing: Religious and spiritual beliefs, their
impact on health, and culturally sensitive spiritual care.
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10. Health Equity, Social Justice, and Cultural Competence: Social determinants
of health, health disparities, and advocacy for vulnerable populations.
Part 1: Foundations of Transcultural Nursing (Questions 1–80)
Chapter 1: Theoretical Foundations of Transcultural Nursing
1. Which nursing theorist is credited with developing the Culture Care Diversity and
Universality Theory, which serves as the foundational framework for transcultural
nursing?
A. Jean Watson
B. Madeleine Leininger
C. Dorothea Orem
D. Martha Rogers
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Madeleine Leininger developed the Culture Care Diversity and Universality
Theory, which emphasizes the importance of understanding cultural care in nursing
practice and serves as the foundational framework for transcultural nursing.
2. Which qualitative research method, developed by Leininger, focuses on studying
nursing care beliefs, values, and practices as perceived and known by a specific culture
through their direct experiences?
A. Ethnocentrism
B. Ethnography
C. Ethnonursing
D. Cultural relativism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Ethnonursing is a qualitative research method developed by Leininger that
focuses on studying nursing care beliefs, values, and practices as perceived and known
by a specific culture through their direct experiences.
3. The concept of "cultural universals" in transcultural nursing refers to which of the
following sets of care meanings and practices?
A. Cultural practices that are harmful and must be eliminated
B. Common care meanings, patterns, and practices shared across cultures
C. Western medical practices applied globally
D. Nursing interventions that work for all patients regardless of culture
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Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cultural universals are those care meanings, patterns, and practices that
are common across cultures. Leininger identified both cultural universals (similarities)
and cultural diversities (differences) in her theory.
4. Which of the following best defines transcultural nursing as it is understood in
contemporary nursing practice?
A. Nursing care provided to patients who travel internationally
B. A comparative study and practice of nursing care focused on differences and
similarities among cultures
C. Nursing care provided by nurses from different cultural backgrounds
D. The translation of medical information across language barriers
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Transcultural nursing is defined as a comparative study and practice of
nursing care that focuses on the differences and similarities of cultural beliefs, values,
and practices to provide culturally congruent care.
5. Which component of transcultural nursing has been greatly supported through
research conducted by anthropologists, particularly regarding the female role in family
structure?
A. Nursing interventions planned on the basis of age and developmental norms
B. Evaluation of the understanding of risk factors based on cognitive function
C. Implementation of nursing care respectful of the individual's economic status
D. Assessment of a woman's ability to function successfully in her role within the family
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Anthropology refers to the study of humans and humankind, including their
origins, behavior, social relationships, physical and mental characteristics, customs,
and development. Social relationships include the female role in the family structure.
6. Which is the primary basis for the need for transcultural nursing in a healthcare
setting that serves a multicultural metropolitan community?
A. The nursing responsibility to provide nursing care for each client who demonstrates
respect and acceptance
B. The ever-expanding numbers of immigrants entering the United States requiring
physical and mental health care
C. The diversity seen in the values, beliefs, behaviors, as well as physical and mental
characteristics of the client population
D. The varying economic and social backgrounds represented in the population present
unique barriers to healthcare delivery
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: There is a marked increase in the migration of people within and between
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countries worldwide. As a result, transcultural nursing is needed because of the growing
diversity that characterizes our national and global populations.
7. Which of the following terms describes the belief that one's own culture is superior to
all other cultures, which can negatively impact nursing care?
A. Cultural relativism
B. Ethnocentrism
C. Cultural humility
D. Cultural safety
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own culture is superior to others,
which can lead to biased care and poor patient outcomes.
8. Which of the following terms describes the practice of understanding a culture on its
own terms without making value judgments based on one's own cultural standards?
A. Ethnocentrism
B. Cultural relativism
C. Cultural imposition
D. Cultural blindness
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cultural relativism is the practice of understanding a culture on its own
terms without judging it by the standards of another culture.
9. What is the primary goal of transcultural nursing according to Leininger's theory?
A. To provide culturally congruent care that fits the client's cultural values, beliefs, and
practices
B. To ensure all patients receive the same standardized care
C. To encourage patients to adopt Western medical practices
D. To minimize the influence of culture on healthcare delivery
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The primary goal of transcultural nursing is to provide culturally congruent
care that is meaningful and beneficial to the client's cultural values, beliefs, and
practices.
10. Which of the following best describes the concept of "cultural care preservation or
maintenance" in Leininger's model?
A. Assisting clients to modify their cultural practices to improve health
B. Supporting and facilitating cultural care practices that are beneficial to health
C. Restructuring cultural practices that are harmful
D. Ignoring cultural practices that do not align with Western medicine
