Nm 705 - Study Guide Questions With Verified Solutions Latest Update 2026

NM 705 - STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 *Canalicular Period* - Answers bronchi duplicate and become larger, Highly vascular. 24w Lumina of bronchi and the terminal bronchioles become larger and lung tissue becomes ______________. - Answers Highly vascular. _____ weeks: primordial alveolar ducts (terminal sacs): - Answers 24. ________ possible by end of this stage (lung tissue well vascularized). - Answers Respiration. Canalicular period 24 24-26 weeker may survive if given intense care, but die d/t __________ and other system immaturity. - Answers Respiratory. *Terminal Saccular Period* - Answers Epithelium of terminal sacs thin and connect with endothelial. Capilaries bulge into sacs. 26wk Type I and II pheumocytes More terminal sacs develop and their __________ becomes very thin. - Answers Epithelium. __________ begin to bulge into sacs. - Answers Capillaries. Terminal sac Contact between ___________ and __________ cells establishes blood-air barrier, which permits adequate gas exchange. - Answers Epithelial and endothelial. Terminal sac ______ weeks: terminal sacs lined by squamous epithelial cells of endodermal origin. - Answers 26. terminal sac Type I pneumocytes: - Answers Across which gas exchange occurs. develop in terminal sac period Type II pneumocytes: - Answers Secrete pulmonary surfactant. terminal sac Surfactant: - Answers - Facilitates expansion of terminal sacs. - Production varies in fetuses of different ages. - Begins by 20-22 weeks. - Present in small amounts in premature infants. - Reaches adequate amount in late fetal period. - Antenatal corticosteroids and postnatal surfactant replacement therapy increase survival rate. *Alveolar Period* - Answers 8m-3 years. mature aveoli forming, transition to autonomous gas exchange Thinned walled terminal sacs (future alveolar ducts) separated by _______________. - Answers Loose connective tissue. aveolar period Alveolocapillary membrane thin enough to allow ______ exchange. - Answers Gas. aveolar period Transition from placental gas exchange to __________ gas exchange: - Answers Autonomous. aveolar period Autonomous gas exchange: - Answers - Production of surfactant in alveolar sacs. - Transformation of lungs into gas-exchanging organs. - Establishment of parallel pulmonary and systemic circulations. ____% of mature alveoli develop in postnatal period. - Answers 95. aveolar period Alveolar development largely complete by _______ of age. - Answers 3 years. Fetal breathing movements occur before birth: - Answers - Cause aspiration of some amniotic fluid into lungs. - Movement stimulate lung development. - Breathing movement increase as delivery approaches. Look at the phenomena that stimulates the neonate to take his/her first breath. Differentiate between the biochemical and mechanical events. - Answers *Biochemical* - Answers Relative hypoxia at end of labor and physical stimuli, such as cold, gravity, pain, light, noise cause: - Answers Excitation of respiratory center. Release of ________ pressure at birth may help stimulation. - Answers Thoracic. Squeezing of thorax in last minute of second stage labor, in birth canal help to: - Answers Extrude some upper airway fluid. First breath: - Answers Fluid filling mouth and trachea partially released, air begins to fill tracheal column. *Mechanical* - Answers First active breath sets in motion a chain of events: - Answers - Conversion from fetal to adult circulation. - Empties lungs of liquid. - Establishes neonatal lung volume and characteristics of pulmonary function. - Decreases pulmonary artery function. *Describe placental - fetal circulation* - Answers 3 shunts: - Answers - Foramen ovale - shunt between right and left atria. - Ductus arteriosus - shunt from pulmonary artery to descending aorta. - Ductus venosus - shunt connects umbilical vein and IVC. Placental-fetal circulation: - Answers Oxygenated blood flows through umbilical vein into the IVC (deoxygenated blood) through the ductus venosus, some will also flow through liver and through hepatic veins into IVC. Blood is now mixed and has some oxygenated blood, but not as rich. It now flows into the right atrium from the IVC and SVC (poorly oxygenated blood). Some of the blood from right atrium will flow into right ventricle and gets squeezed into pulmonary artery but due to HIGH pulmonary artery pressure/resistance blood will also flow now through the foramen ovale into left atrium and will also flow through the ductus arteriosus. You still have some blood come from the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. Now blood will go from left atrium into the left ventricle and gets squeezed into the aorta. Here blood will flow into the internal iliac arteries and lower extremities and bringing blood back into placenta through umbilical arteries (a lot of blood due to placenta having LOW resistance). *Circulatory adjustments after birth* - Answers After birth shunts and umbilical vessels are no longer needed, turning into: - Answers Nonfunctional ligaments. DV - sphincter constricts and flows now through hepatic circulation. - Answers - Causing decreased BP in IVC and right atrium. - Increased pulmonary blood flow makes pressure in left atrium higher. Due to increased pulmonary blood flow that make the pressure in the left higher, what happens to the FO? - Answers Closes. Pulmonary vascular resistance is now lower than systemic vascular resistance, blood through DA ________. - Answers Reverses. DA constricts at: - Answers Birth. Healthy full-term neonates - small amount of blood will pass through: - Answers The small DA shunt for a few days. Premature neonates and those w/ persistent hypoxia - DA may remain: - Answers Open much longer. Umbilical arteries constrict at birth: - Answers Preventing blood loss to neonate. Umbilical cord is not cut, blood flow through vein: - Answers Continues. *Understand how an infant can maintain heat and what s/he lacks that helps to maintain body heat* - Answers How can infant maintain heat: - Answers - Skin-to-skin contact for healthy term neonates - minimizes heat loss via conduction. - Room temp at 75F (23.9C). Infants lack what to maintain body heat: - Answers - Limited subcutaneous fat insulation. - Inability to generate heat via shivering. *It is best to keep newborns in a neutral thermal environment as they can lose heat through 4 mechanisms: convection, conduction, radiation, and evaporation. How can the midwife be prepared to reduce or minimize heat loss?* - Answers Skin-to-skin contact minimizes heat loss via __________ and results in better short-term temperature stability than bundling or placing the neonate under a warmer. - Answers Conduction. Skin-to-skin contact should be the: - Answers First line of treatment. Interventions to Prevent Newborn Hypothermia: - Answers • Prewarm the newborn resuscitation area. • Set the birth room temperature at 23.9 ° C (75 ° F). • Prewarm any blankets, hats, or clothing prior to the birth. • Gently dry the newborn after birth and then immediately replace wet blankets with dry ones. Do not evaluate the newborn on wet sheets or towels. • Postpone the newborn's bath until newborn temperature has been stable for 2 hours. • Place the newborn care areas away from windows, outside walls, and doorways. • Keep the newborn's head covered and body well wrapped for 48 hours. Convection: - Answers - cooler room area. - corridors. - outside air. Radiation: - Answers - cold or hot external windows or walls.