IBANGA 10
Grade 10 Life Sciences
Term 4: Paper 2
, covers environmental studies, biodiversity, and the history of life on Earth.
Transport Systems in Mammals (Human Heart)
Anatomy of the Heart
• Structure: A muscular double-pump divided into left and right sides by the
septum to prevent oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing.
• Chamber Flow: Atria receives blood; ventricles pump blood out. The left
ventricle has a much thicker muscular wall because it must pump blood under
high pressure to the entire body.
• Valves: Tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves prevent backflow from ventricles
into atria. Semi-lunar valves prevent backflow into the heart from the aorta and
pulmonary artery.
Blood Vessels
Vessel Direction of
Wall Structure Lumen Size Oxygen Level
Type Flow
Thick, muscular, Oxygenated (except
Artery Small Away from heart
elastic pulmonary)
Deoxygenated (except
Vein Thin, has valves Large Towards heart
pulmonary)
Single-cell layer Connects Swaps oxygen/nutrients at
Capillary Microscopic
thick arteries to veins tissue level
Biosphere to Ecosystems
Levels of Organization
• Biosphere: The global ecological system integrating all living beings.
• Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with their non-living
environment.
Biotic vs. Abiotic Factors
• Abiotic (Non-living): Physiographic factors (aspect, slope, altitude), edaphic
factors (soil texture, pH, water retention), light, temperature, and water
availability.
Grade 10 Life Sciences
Term 4: Paper 2
, covers environmental studies, biodiversity, and the history of life on Earth.
Transport Systems in Mammals (Human Heart)
Anatomy of the Heart
• Structure: A muscular double-pump divided into left and right sides by the
septum to prevent oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing.
• Chamber Flow: Atria receives blood; ventricles pump blood out. The left
ventricle has a much thicker muscular wall because it must pump blood under
high pressure to the entire body.
• Valves: Tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves prevent backflow from ventricles
into atria. Semi-lunar valves prevent backflow into the heart from the aorta and
pulmonary artery.
Blood Vessels
Vessel Direction of
Wall Structure Lumen Size Oxygen Level
Type Flow
Thick, muscular, Oxygenated (except
Artery Small Away from heart
elastic pulmonary)
Deoxygenated (except
Vein Thin, has valves Large Towards heart
pulmonary)
Single-cell layer Connects Swaps oxygen/nutrients at
Capillary Microscopic
thick arteries to veins tissue level
Biosphere to Ecosystems
Levels of Organization
• Biosphere: The global ecological system integrating all living beings.
• Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with their non-living
environment.
Biotic vs. Abiotic Factors
• Abiotic (Non-living): Physiographic factors (aspect, slope, altitude), edaphic
factors (soil texture, pH, water retention), light, temperature, and water
availability.
