Urinary System / Portage Learning A&P2,
Module 7.Final Test 2026\2027.
urinary system organs
2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 urinary bladder
1 urethra
kidney (shape, weight, location)
bean shaped / size of soup can, about 5oz / located between T12-L3
vertebrae and are protected by the rib cage / right is slightly lower than the
left b/c of the liver above it
adrenal glands
a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete
hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in
times of stress.
renal hilus (hilum)
a notch located near center of medial concave side of the kidney / the
passageway to renal sinus for vessels and ureter
3 layers of kidney tissue (outermost to innermost)
renal fascia (outer, fibrous connective tissue, keeps kidney in place),
adipose capsule (middle, fatty layer protects kidney from trauma), renal
capsule (inner layer of protective tissue projects kidney from injury +
infection)
3 regions of kidney (outermost to innermost)
cortex, medulla, renal pelvis
renal pelvis (of kidney)
central collecting region in the kidney, extensions of the pelvis (calyces)
collect urine and drain continuously into pelvis and then into ureter
kidney blood supply chain
, Urinary System / Portage Learning A&P2,
Module 7.Final Test 2026\2027.
Abdominal aorta -> renal artery -> segmental artery -> lobar artery ->
interlobar artery -> arcuate artery -> interlobular artery -> afferent arteriole
-> glomerular capillaries / filtration / efferent arteriole -> peritubular
capillaries (deoxygenated) or vasa recta -> interlobular vein -> arcuate vein
->interlobar vein -> renal vein which exits kidney
Input from the _______ adjusts the diameter of the renal arteries
thereby regulating renal blood flow.
sympathetic nervous system
Ureters
Thin muscular tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
ureterovesical valves
sphincters located where the ureters enter the bladder, prevent urine from
flowing back toward the kidney
trigone of bladder
triangular region at the base of the urinary bladder between the openings
of the two ureters and the urethra
urinary bladder (location)
the male bladder lies in front of the rectrum + just behind the pubic
symphysis / the female bladder sits below uterus, in front of vagina
ureteral orifices
The opening of a ureter into the urinary bladder
3 layers of ureter wall (outermost to innermost)
outer fibrous connective tissue layer / middle muscular layer, uses
peristaltic waves to carry urine to bladder / inner layer made of transitional
epithelium, continuous with kidney's lining
3 layers of bladder wall (outermost to innermost)
outer fibrous connective tissue layer / middle detrusor muscle layer / inner
mucosal layer made of transitional epithelium specialized to enable cellular
expansion to absorb fluid
Describe the bladder when it is full and when it is empty.
Module 7.Final Test 2026\2027.
urinary system organs
2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 urinary bladder
1 urethra
kidney (shape, weight, location)
bean shaped / size of soup can, about 5oz / located between T12-L3
vertebrae and are protected by the rib cage / right is slightly lower than the
left b/c of the liver above it
adrenal glands
a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete
hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in
times of stress.
renal hilus (hilum)
a notch located near center of medial concave side of the kidney / the
passageway to renal sinus for vessels and ureter
3 layers of kidney tissue (outermost to innermost)
renal fascia (outer, fibrous connective tissue, keeps kidney in place),
adipose capsule (middle, fatty layer protects kidney from trauma), renal
capsule (inner layer of protective tissue projects kidney from injury +
infection)
3 regions of kidney (outermost to innermost)
cortex, medulla, renal pelvis
renal pelvis (of kidney)
central collecting region in the kidney, extensions of the pelvis (calyces)
collect urine and drain continuously into pelvis and then into ureter
kidney blood supply chain
, Urinary System / Portage Learning A&P2,
Module 7.Final Test 2026\2027.
Abdominal aorta -> renal artery -> segmental artery -> lobar artery ->
interlobar artery -> arcuate artery -> interlobular artery -> afferent arteriole
-> glomerular capillaries / filtration / efferent arteriole -> peritubular
capillaries (deoxygenated) or vasa recta -> interlobular vein -> arcuate vein
->interlobar vein -> renal vein which exits kidney
Input from the _______ adjusts the diameter of the renal arteries
thereby regulating renal blood flow.
sympathetic nervous system
Ureters
Thin muscular tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
ureterovesical valves
sphincters located where the ureters enter the bladder, prevent urine from
flowing back toward the kidney
trigone of bladder
triangular region at the base of the urinary bladder between the openings
of the two ureters and the urethra
urinary bladder (location)
the male bladder lies in front of the rectrum + just behind the pubic
symphysis / the female bladder sits below uterus, in front of vagina
ureteral orifices
The opening of a ureter into the urinary bladder
3 layers of ureter wall (outermost to innermost)
outer fibrous connective tissue layer / middle muscular layer, uses
peristaltic waves to carry urine to bladder / inner layer made of transitional
epithelium, continuous with kidney's lining
3 layers of bladder wall (outermost to innermost)
outer fibrous connective tissue layer / middle detrusor muscle layer / inner
mucosal layer made of transitional epithelium specialized to enable cellular
expansion to absorb fluid
Describe the bladder when it is full and when it is empty.
