WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OA AND PA Questions and Answers 100% Accurate
What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces? Starling's Law describes how fluids move across the capillary
membrane. There are two major opposing forces that act to
How does this explain why a nutritionally balance each other, hydrostatic pressure (pushing water out
deficient child would have edema? of the capillaries) and osmotic pressure (including oncontic
pressure, which pushes fluid into the capillaries).
Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in the
blood affect osmotic pressure, high electrolyte and protein
concentrations in the blood would cause water to leave the
cells and interstitial space and enter the blood stream to
dilute the high concentrations.
On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein
concentrations (as seen in a nutritionally deficient child) would
cause water to leave the capillaries and enter the cells and
interstitial fluid which can lead to edema.
How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin- A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by low
Aldosterone System) result in increased perfusion, which in turn begins to secrete renin.
blood volume and increased blood
pressure? Renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen,
which is converted to Angiotensin I in the lungs and then
angiotensin II by the enzyme
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II
stimulates peripheral arterial vasoconstriction which raises BP.
Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal gland to release
aldosterone, which acts to increase sodium and water
reabsorption increasing blood volume, while also increased
potassium secretion in urine.
How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2 mEq/dL.
arrest? Hyperkalemia refers to potassium levels higher that 5.2
mEq/dL.
A major function of potassium is to conduct nerve impulses in
muscles. Too low and muscle weakness occurs and too much
can cause muscle spasms.
This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an
irregular heartbeat can cause a heart attack
WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OA AND PA Questions and Answers 100% Accurate
,WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OA AND PA Questions and Answers 100% Accurate
The body uses the Protein Buffering System, Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can be
Phosphate Buffering System, and Carbonic affected by pH changes. Any increase or decrease in blood
Acid-Bicarbonate System to regulate and pH can alter the structure of the protein (denature), thereby
maintain homeostatic pH, what is the affecting its function as well
consequence of a pH imbalance
WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OA AND PA Questions and Answers 100% Accurate
,WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OA AND PA Questions and Answers 100% Accurate
Describe the laboratory findings associated Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH: 7.35-7.45
with metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg PO2: 90-100 mm Hg HCO3-: 22-26
respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. mEq/L SaO2: 95-100%
(ie relative pH and CO2 levels).
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are marked by changes in
PCO2. Higher = acidosis and lower = alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are caused by something
other than abnormal CO2 levels. This could include toxicity,
diabetes, renal failure or excessive GI losses.
Here are the rules to follow to determine if is respiratory or
metabolic in nature. -If pH and PCO2 are moving in opposite
directions, then it is the pCO2 levels that are causing the
imbalance and it is respiratory in nature.
-If PCO2 is normal or is moving in the same direction as the
pH, then the imbalance is metabolic in nature.
The anion gap is the difference between The anion gap is the calculation of unmeasured anions in the
measured cations (Na+ and K+) and blood.
measured anions (Cl- and HCO3-), this
calculation can be useful in determining the Lactic acid and ketones both lead to the production of
cause of metabolic acidosis. unmeasured anions, which remove HCO3- (a measured anion)
due to buffering of the excess H+ and therefore leads to an
Why would an increased anion gap be increase in the AG.
observed in diabetic ketoacidosis or lactic
acidosis?
Why is it important to maintain a Insulin is the hormone responsible for initiating the uptake of
homeostatic balance of glucose in the glucose by the cells. Cells use glucose to produce energy
blood (ie describe the pathogenesis of (ATP).
diabetes)?
In a normal individual, when blood glucose increases, the
pancreas is signaled to produced in insulin, which binds to
insulin receptors on a cells surface and initiates the uptake of
glucose.
Glucose is a very reactive molecule and if left in the blood, it
can start to bind to other proteins and lipids, which can lead
to loss of function.
AGEs are advanced glycation end products that are a result of
glucose reacting with the endothelial lining, which can lead to
damage in the heart and kidneys.
WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OA AND PA Questions and Answers 100% Accurate
, WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OA AND PA Questions and Answers 100% Accurate
Compare and contrast Type I and Type II Type I diabetes is caused by lack of insulin. With out insulin
Diabetes signaling, glucose will not be taken into the cell and leads to
high blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Type I is usually treated
with insulin injections.
Type II diabetes is caused by a desensitization to insulin
signaling. The insulin receptors are no longer responding to
insulin, which also leads to hyperglycemia.
Type II is usually treated with drugs to increase the
sensitization to insulin (metformin), dietary and life-style
changes or insulin injections.
Describe some reasons for a patient AEIOU-acidosis. Electrolytes, Intoxication/Ingestion,
needing dialysis overload, uremia. Patients with kidney or heart failure.
A build up of phosphates, urea and magnesium are removed
from the blood using a semi-permeable membrane and
dialysate.
AEIOU:
A—acidosis;
E—electrolytes principally hyperkalemia;
I—ingestions or overdose of medications/drugs;
O—overload of fluid causing heart failure;
U—uremia leading to encephalitis/pericarditis
Compare and contrast hemodialysis and Hemodialysis uses a machine to pump blood from the body in
peritoneal dialysis. one tube while dialysate (made of water, electrolytes and
salts) is pumped in the separate tube in the opposite direction.
What are some reasons for a patient Waste from the blood diffuses through the semipermeable
choosing one over the other? membrane separating the blood from the dialysate.
Peritoneal Dialysis does not use a machine, but instead injects
a solution of water and glucose into the abdominal cavity. The
peritoneum acts as the membrane instead of dialysis tubing.
The waste products diffuse into the abdominal cavity and the
waste solution is then drained from the body.
Peritoneal dialysis offers continuous filtration and is less
disruption to the patient's daily routines. However, it does
require some training of the patient and is not recommended
for individuals who are overweight or have severe kidney
failure.
Hemodialysis provides medical care, but 3 times a week for
several hours sitting at a hospital or clinic. Individuals with
acute kidney failure are recommended to use hemodialysis.
WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OA AND PA Questions and Answers 100% Accurate
What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces? Starling's Law describes how fluids move across the capillary
membrane. There are two major opposing forces that act to
How does this explain why a nutritionally balance each other, hydrostatic pressure (pushing water out
deficient child would have edema? of the capillaries) and osmotic pressure (including oncontic
pressure, which pushes fluid into the capillaries).
Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in the
blood affect osmotic pressure, high electrolyte and protein
concentrations in the blood would cause water to leave the
cells and interstitial space and enter the blood stream to
dilute the high concentrations.
On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein
concentrations (as seen in a nutritionally deficient child) would
cause water to leave the capillaries and enter the cells and
interstitial fluid which can lead to edema.
How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin- A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by low
Aldosterone System) result in increased perfusion, which in turn begins to secrete renin.
blood volume and increased blood
pressure? Renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen,
which is converted to Angiotensin I in the lungs and then
angiotensin II by the enzyme
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II
stimulates peripheral arterial vasoconstriction which raises BP.
Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal gland to release
aldosterone, which acts to increase sodium and water
reabsorption increasing blood volume, while also increased
potassium secretion in urine.
How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2 mEq/dL.
arrest? Hyperkalemia refers to potassium levels higher that 5.2
mEq/dL.
A major function of potassium is to conduct nerve impulses in
muscles. Too low and muscle weakness occurs and too much
can cause muscle spasms.
This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an
irregular heartbeat can cause a heart attack
WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OA AND PA Questions and Answers 100% Accurate
,WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OA AND PA Questions and Answers 100% Accurate
The body uses the Protein Buffering System, Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can be
Phosphate Buffering System, and Carbonic affected by pH changes. Any increase or decrease in blood
Acid-Bicarbonate System to regulate and pH can alter the structure of the protein (denature), thereby
maintain homeostatic pH, what is the affecting its function as well
consequence of a pH imbalance
WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OA AND PA Questions and Answers 100% Accurate
,WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OA AND PA Questions and Answers 100% Accurate
Describe the laboratory findings associated Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH: 7.35-7.45
with metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg PO2: 90-100 mm Hg HCO3-: 22-26
respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. mEq/L SaO2: 95-100%
(ie relative pH and CO2 levels).
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are marked by changes in
PCO2. Higher = acidosis and lower = alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are caused by something
other than abnormal CO2 levels. This could include toxicity,
diabetes, renal failure or excessive GI losses.
Here are the rules to follow to determine if is respiratory or
metabolic in nature. -If pH and PCO2 are moving in opposite
directions, then it is the pCO2 levels that are causing the
imbalance and it is respiratory in nature.
-If PCO2 is normal or is moving in the same direction as the
pH, then the imbalance is metabolic in nature.
The anion gap is the difference between The anion gap is the calculation of unmeasured anions in the
measured cations (Na+ and K+) and blood.
measured anions (Cl- and HCO3-), this
calculation can be useful in determining the Lactic acid and ketones both lead to the production of
cause of metabolic acidosis. unmeasured anions, which remove HCO3- (a measured anion)
due to buffering of the excess H+ and therefore leads to an
Why would an increased anion gap be increase in the AG.
observed in diabetic ketoacidosis or lactic
acidosis?
Why is it important to maintain a Insulin is the hormone responsible for initiating the uptake of
homeostatic balance of glucose in the glucose by the cells. Cells use glucose to produce energy
blood (ie describe the pathogenesis of (ATP).
diabetes)?
In a normal individual, when blood glucose increases, the
pancreas is signaled to produced in insulin, which binds to
insulin receptors on a cells surface and initiates the uptake of
glucose.
Glucose is a very reactive molecule and if left in the blood, it
can start to bind to other proteins and lipids, which can lead
to loss of function.
AGEs are advanced glycation end products that are a result of
glucose reacting with the endothelial lining, which can lead to
damage in the heart and kidneys.
WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OA AND PA Questions and Answers 100% Accurate
, WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OA AND PA Questions and Answers 100% Accurate
Compare and contrast Type I and Type II Type I diabetes is caused by lack of insulin. With out insulin
Diabetes signaling, glucose will not be taken into the cell and leads to
high blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Type I is usually treated
with insulin injections.
Type II diabetes is caused by a desensitization to insulin
signaling. The insulin receptors are no longer responding to
insulin, which also leads to hyperglycemia.
Type II is usually treated with drugs to increase the
sensitization to insulin (metformin), dietary and life-style
changes or insulin injections.
Describe some reasons for a patient AEIOU-acidosis. Electrolytes, Intoxication/Ingestion,
needing dialysis overload, uremia. Patients with kidney or heart failure.
A build up of phosphates, urea and magnesium are removed
from the blood using a semi-permeable membrane and
dialysate.
AEIOU:
A—acidosis;
E—electrolytes principally hyperkalemia;
I—ingestions or overdose of medications/drugs;
O—overload of fluid causing heart failure;
U—uremia leading to encephalitis/pericarditis
Compare and contrast hemodialysis and Hemodialysis uses a machine to pump blood from the body in
peritoneal dialysis. one tube while dialysate (made of water, electrolytes and
salts) is pumped in the separate tube in the opposite direction.
What are some reasons for a patient Waste from the blood diffuses through the semipermeable
choosing one over the other? membrane separating the blood from the dialysate.
Peritoneal Dialysis does not use a machine, but instead injects
a solution of water and glucose into the abdominal cavity. The
peritoneum acts as the membrane instead of dialysis tubing.
The waste products diffuse into the abdominal cavity and the
waste solution is then drained from the body.
Peritoneal dialysis offers continuous filtration and is less
disruption to the patient's daily routines. However, it does
require some training of the patient and is not recommended
for individuals who are overweight or have severe kidney
failure.
Hemodialysis provides medical care, but 3 times a week for
several hours sitting at a hospital or clinic. Individuals with
acute kidney failure are recommended to use hemodialysis.
WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OA AND PA Questions and Answers 100% Accurate
