NUR 445 EXAM 1 LATEST
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026 - 2027
What stream of blood flow is excessive in mitral regurgitation? -
ANSWERS-excess back flow into LA during diastole
Why is mitral regurgitation significant? - ANSWERS-back flow into
LA, causing decreased SV; the LV pumps harder, increasing workload,
causing LV enlargement and hypertrophy, which can cause LSHF
What are some risk factors for mitral regurgitation? - ANSWERS-
abnormalities of leaflets, annulus, or the chord tendinae or papillary
muscle
Where in the cardiac cycle is mitral regurgitation best auscultated? -
ANSWERS-Apex at systole
What stream of blood flow is excessive in aortic regurgitation? -
ANSWERS-blood back flows into LV from aorta during diastole
Why is aortic regurgitation significant? - ANSWERS-leads to
ventricular hypertrophy d/t more pressure required to eject a larger SV
END OF
PAGE
1
, NUR 445 EXAM 1 LATEST
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026 - 2027
What are some risk factors of aortic regurgitation? - ANSWERS-
rheumatic heart disease
Where in the cardiac cycle is aortic regurgitation best auscultated? -
ANSWERS-LSB at 3rd ICS at early diastole
What is valvular prolapse? - ANSWERS-the heart valve cusps balloon
bulge up into the atrium during ventricular systole, making a "floppy
valve."
When would a mitral valve prolapse occur? - ANSWERS-When one or
both of the mitral valve cusps bulge back into the LA during ventricular
systole
Why does mitral valve prolapse occur? - ANSWERS-excess tissue in the
valve leaflets and elongated chordae tendinae impair mitral valve closure
during systole
What is infective endocarditis? - ANSWERS-microbial infection of the
endothelial lining in the heart
END OF
PAGE
2
, NUR 445 EXAM 1 LATEST
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026 - 2027
What are 3 causes of infective endocarditis in patients? - ANSWERS-
congenital diseases, infection, and iatrogenic causes
What are some common bacterial causes of infective endocarditis? -
ANSWERS-streptococci, staphylococcus, pseudomonas
What devices may introduce bacteria that causes infective endocarditis?
- ANSWERS-intracardiac catheters
Who is most at risk for developing infective endocarditis? - ANSWERS-
those with preexisting heart disease, children, older adults, IV drug
abusers, HIV, post-cardiac surgery, and patients on hemodialysis
What is the treatment goal for infective endocarditis? - ANSWERS-
aggressive antibiotics for a minimum of 6 weeks
Why would aortic stenosis cause angina? - ANSWERS-decreased blood
flow through the coronary arteries; the opening of these arteries is
located close to the aortic valve
END OF
PAGE
3
, NUR 445 EXAM 1 LATEST
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026 - 2027
What signs/symptoms would you expect in a patient with a valvular
disease? - ANSWERS-dyspnea, tachypnea, crackles in lungs,
tachycardia, chest pain, angina, syncope on exertion
How is a valvular disease diagnosed? - ANSWERS-Echo (TEE or TTE),
cardiac catheterization
What medication groups might be used to control HR in patient with a
valvular disease? - ANSWERS-BB, CCB, digoxin
What is the therapeutic goal for rate and rhythm? - ANSWERS-NSR and
avoid a-fib
What is the intervention for symptomatic a-fib? - ANSWERS-
cardioversion
What interventions would you anticipate if a patient developed heart
failure? - ANSWERS-diuretics, sodium restrictions, ACE inhibitors,
BBs
END OF
PAGE
4
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026 - 2027
What stream of blood flow is excessive in mitral regurgitation? -
ANSWERS-excess back flow into LA during diastole
Why is mitral regurgitation significant? - ANSWERS-back flow into
LA, causing decreased SV; the LV pumps harder, increasing workload,
causing LV enlargement and hypertrophy, which can cause LSHF
What are some risk factors for mitral regurgitation? - ANSWERS-
abnormalities of leaflets, annulus, or the chord tendinae or papillary
muscle
Where in the cardiac cycle is mitral regurgitation best auscultated? -
ANSWERS-Apex at systole
What stream of blood flow is excessive in aortic regurgitation? -
ANSWERS-blood back flows into LV from aorta during diastole
Why is aortic regurgitation significant? - ANSWERS-leads to
ventricular hypertrophy d/t more pressure required to eject a larger SV
END OF
PAGE
1
, NUR 445 EXAM 1 LATEST
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026 - 2027
What are some risk factors of aortic regurgitation? - ANSWERS-
rheumatic heart disease
Where in the cardiac cycle is aortic regurgitation best auscultated? -
ANSWERS-LSB at 3rd ICS at early diastole
What is valvular prolapse? - ANSWERS-the heart valve cusps balloon
bulge up into the atrium during ventricular systole, making a "floppy
valve."
When would a mitral valve prolapse occur? - ANSWERS-When one or
both of the mitral valve cusps bulge back into the LA during ventricular
systole
Why does mitral valve prolapse occur? - ANSWERS-excess tissue in the
valve leaflets and elongated chordae tendinae impair mitral valve closure
during systole
What is infective endocarditis? - ANSWERS-microbial infection of the
endothelial lining in the heart
END OF
PAGE
2
, NUR 445 EXAM 1 LATEST
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026 - 2027
What are 3 causes of infective endocarditis in patients? - ANSWERS-
congenital diseases, infection, and iatrogenic causes
What are some common bacterial causes of infective endocarditis? -
ANSWERS-streptococci, staphylococcus, pseudomonas
What devices may introduce bacteria that causes infective endocarditis?
- ANSWERS-intracardiac catheters
Who is most at risk for developing infective endocarditis? - ANSWERS-
those with preexisting heart disease, children, older adults, IV drug
abusers, HIV, post-cardiac surgery, and patients on hemodialysis
What is the treatment goal for infective endocarditis? - ANSWERS-
aggressive antibiotics for a minimum of 6 weeks
Why would aortic stenosis cause angina? - ANSWERS-decreased blood
flow through the coronary arteries; the opening of these arteries is
located close to the aortic valve
END OF
PAGE
3
, NUR 445 EXAM 1 LATEST
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026 - 2027
What signs/symptoms would you expect in a patient with a valvular
disease? - ANSWERS-dyspnea, tachypnea, crackles in lungs,
tachycardia, chest pain, angina, syncope on exertion
How is a valvular disease diagnosed? - ANSWERS-Echo (TEE or TTE),
cardiac catheterization
What medication groups might be used to control HR in patient with a
valvular disease? - ANSWERS-BB, CCB, digoxin
What is the therapeutic goal for rate and rhythm? - ANSWERS-NSR and
avoid a-fib
What is the intervention for symptomatic a-fib? - ANSWERS-
cardioversion
What interventions would you anticipate if a patient developed heart
failure? - ANSWERS-diuretics, sodium restrictions, ACE inhibitors,
BBs
END OF
PAGE
4
