THE A+ ADVANTANGE: ACE YOUR 2026/2027 NURS 5433 RENAL
FINAL EXAMINATION COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE WITH
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONSA AND ANSWERS
◉ What does a positive leukocyte esterase indicate? Answer: It indicates
a possible urinary tract infection (UTI).
◉ What is the definition of chronic kidney disease (CKD)? Answer:
A progressive decline in kidney function, leading to nephron destruction
and compensatory hypertrophy of remaining nephrons.
◉ What is an early sign of CKD? Answer: Hyper albuminuria.
◉ What GFR level indicates that symptoms of CKD may develop?
Answer: Symptoms often do not manifest until GFR is less than
approximately 10 mL/min/1.73 m².
◉ What are the risk factors for CKD? Answer: Diabetic nephropathy,
polycystic kidney disease, hypertension, renal artery stenosis, and
congenital issues.
1
, What characterizes acute kidney injury (AKI)? Answer: An acute
increase in creatinine over less than 7 days, acute decrease in urine
output, or both.
◉ What are the four types of renal stones? Answer: Calcium, uric acid,
struvite, and cystine.
◉ What are common signs of renal stones? Answer: Acute onset of
severe groin/flank pain, labial/testicular pain, and haematuria.
◉ What is the pathology behind kidney stones? Answer: Salts and
minerals build up and harden, often related to malnutrition in children.
◉ What are differential diagnoses for kidney stones? Answer: UTI,
appendicitis, cholecystitis, ovarian cyst torsion, and musculoskeletal
pain.
◉ What physical exam finding is associated with kidney stones?
Answer: Tenderness at the costovertebral angle upon palpation and
percussion.
◉ What is the recommended diagnostic imaging for kidney stones?
Answer: A noncontract-enhanced helical CT scan of the abdomen and
pelvis.
2
, What is the first-line management for kidney stones? Answer: Pain
relievers and increased fluid intake to facilitate passage.
◉ What is the most common causative organism of UTIs? Answer: E.
Coli, along with other Gram-negative bacteria like Proteus mirabilis and
Klebsiella pneumoniae.
◉ What are common symptoms of a UTI? Answer: Frequency, dysuria,
urgency, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, suprapubic discomfort, and
haematuria.
◉ What initial test is done to diagnose a UTI? Answer: Urine dipstick
analysis.
◉ What does a positive nitrate and leukocyte esterase on a dipstick
indicate? Answer: It indicates a urinary tract infection.
◉ What is the pharmacologic treatment for lower UTIs? Answer:
Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid) is commonly used, but not for upper UTIs.
◉ What are the follow-up recommendations after UTI treatment?
Answer: Post-treatment culture and follow-up in children one week after
therapy.
3
FINAL EXAMINATION COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE WITH
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONSA AND ANSWERS
◉ What does a positive leukocyte esterase indicate? Answer: It indicates
a possible urinary tract infection (UTI).
◉ What is the definition of chronic kidney disease (CKD)? Answer:
A progressive decline in kidney function, leading to nephron destruction
and compensatory hypertrophy of remaining nephrons.
◉ What is an early sign of CKD? Answer: Hyper albuminuria.
◉ What GFR level indicates that symptoms of CKD may develop?
Answer: Symptoms often do not manifest until GFR is less than
approximately 10 mL/min/1.73 m².
◉ What are the risk factors for CKD? Answer: Diabetic nephropathy,
polycystic kidney disease, hypertension, renal artery stenosis, and
congenital issues.
1
, What characterizes acute kidney injury (AKI)? Answer: An acute
increase in creatinine over less than 7 days, acute decrease in urine
output, or both.
◉ What are the four types of renal stones? Answer: Calcium, uric acid,
struvite, and cystine.
◉ What are common signs of renal stones? Answer: Acute onset of
severe groin/flank pain, labial/testicular pain, and haematuria.
◉ What is the pathology behind kidney stones? Answer: Salts and
minerals build up and harden, often related to malnutrition in children.
◉ What are differential diagnoses for kidney stones? Answer: UTI,
appendicitis, cholecystitis, ovarian cyst torsion, and musculoskeletal
pain.
◉ What physical exam finding is associated with kidney stones?
Answer: Tenderness at the costovertebral angle upon palpation and
percussion.
◉ What is the recommended diagnostic imaging for kidney stones?
Answer: A noncontract-enhanced helical CT scan of the abdomen and
pelvis.
2
, What is the first-line management for kidney stones? Answer: Pain
relievers and increased fluid intake to facilitate passage.
◉ What is the most common causative organism of UTIs? Answer: E.
Coli, along with other Gram-negative bacteria like Proteus mirabilis and
Klebsiella pneumoniae.
◉ What are common symptoms of a UTI? Answer: Frequency, dysuria,
urgency, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, suprapubic discomfort, and
haematuria.
◉ What initial test is done to diagnose a UTI? Answer: Urine dipstick
analysis.
◉ What does a positive nitrate and leukocyte esterase on a dipstick
indicate? Answer: It indicates a urinary tract infection.
◉ What is the pharmacologic treatment for lower UTIs? Answer:
Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid) is commonly used, but not for upper UTIs.
◉ What are the follow-up recommendations after UTI treatment?
Answer: Post-treatment culture and follow-up in children one week after
therapy.
3
