NU 545 Advance Pathophysiology Unit 2 Exam- University of South
Alabama Questions and Answers
Question 1.
Afferent
Correct Answer: Towards (towards the spinal cord)
Question 2.
Efferent
Correct Answer: Away From (away from the spinal cord)
Question 3.
Which nerves are incapable of regeneration?
Correct Answer: Neurons in the Central Nervous System (CNS) do not divide and
injury causes permanent loss.
Question 4.
Which injury to nerves has better outcomes? Crushed or Severed/Cut
Correct Answer: Crushed nerves recover better
Question 5.
How do peripheral nerves repair themselves?
Correct Answer: Axonal Reaction
Question 6.
Name 8 local changes that occur when an axon is severed
Correct Answer: 1. Cut end retracts and the axolemma covers the cut end,
reducing escape of axoplasm 2. macrophages and Schwann cells begin to
phagocytize damaged tissue 3. Cell body undergoes chromotolysis, loss of Nissl
bodies, and lateral migration of nucleus 4. Antegrade (wallerian) degeneration
occurs in the distal axon 5. Swelling in axon terminal, it degenerates and loses
contact with post synaptic membrane within 7 days 6. Macrophages and
Schwann cells phagocytize remnants of axon terminal 7. Schwann cells
proliferate, forming a column or tube of schwann cells enclosed by the original
basal lamina of the endoneurium 8. Retrograde changes occur at the promixal
end of the injured axon and are similar to antegrade changes but only back to
the next node of Ranvier
Question 7.
Retrograde changes to the Proximal end of an injured axon only go back to what?
Correct Answer: The next node of Ranvier
,Question 8.
In what time span do new terminal sprouts project from the proximal segment of an
injured axon?
Correct Answer: 7-14 days
Question 9.
What is the length of growth per day of an injured axon? And what is regrowth limited to?
Correct Answer: 1mm/day. Limited to myelinated fibers in the Peripheral
Nervous System (PNS)
Question 10.
The closer the injury is to the cell body of a nerve...
Correct Answer: The greater the chances that the cell will die and not
regenerate
Question 11.
How does the location of an injury among Peripheral Nerves play a factor?
Correct Answer: Injured nerves closer to the spinal cord recover slower and
poorly because of the long distance between the cell body and the peripheral
termination of the axon.
Question 12.
Regeneration of axonal constituents in the CNS is limited by what
Correct Answer: glial scar formation (gliosis) and the different nature of myelin
formed by the oligodendrocyte
Question 13.
What 4 factors do nerve regeneration depend on
Correct Answer: 1. Location of injury 2. Type of injury (crushing vs cut) 3.
Presence of inflammatory responses 4. Process of scarring
Question 14.
Weight of Brain and amount of cardiac output received
Correct Answer: 3lbs and 15-20% of cardiac output
Question 15.
Prefrontal Area is responsible for what?
Correct Answer: Goal-oriented behavior, short term memory, concentration,
elaboration of thought and inhibition of limbic area. (emotions)
, Question 16.
Premotor area (Brodmann area 6) is responsible for what?
Correct Answer: motor movement, extrapyramidal system, eye movement,
(Brodmann area 8, middle frontal gyrus)
Question 17.
Primary motor area is responsible for what?
Correct Answer: Primary voluntary motor = somatotropic organization
(Homunculus = little man) Cerebral cortex controls central impulses for the
opposite side of the body.
Question 18.
Control of the opposite side of the body is called what?
Correct Answer: Contralateral control
Question 19.
Broca's speech area (Brodmann area 34, 45) is responsible for?
Correct Answer: Motor aspect of speech. Speech and language processing,
Dysfunction can result in inability to form words. "Expressive aphasia"
Question 20.
Somatic sensory input (Brodmann area 3,1,2) is responsible for?
Correct Answer: Provides communication between motor and sensory areas,
storage, analysis, and interpretation of stimulus
Question 21.
Wernicke area (Brodmann 22) is responsible for?
Correct Answer: Sensory speech area: responsible fro reception and
interpretation of speech (superior temporal gyrus) dysfunction may result in
receptive aphasia or dysphasia
Question 22.
Primary visual cortex (brodmann area 17) is responsible for what?
Correct Answer: Receives input from the retinas
Question 23.
What is the Corpus callosum? Why is it essential?
Correct Answer: Bundle of myelinated fibers that connects the two cerebral
hemispheres (conveying contralateral projection) which is essential in
coordinating activities between hemispheres
Alabama Questions and Answers
Question 1.
Afferent
Correct Answer: Towards (towards the spinal cord)
Question 2.
Efferent
Correct Answer: Away From (away from the spinal cord)
Question 3.
Which nerves are incapable of regeneration?
Correct Answer: Neurons in the Central Nervous System (CNS) do not divide and
injury causes permanent loss.
Question 4.
Which injury to nerves has better outcomes? Crushed or Severed/Cut
Correct Answer: Crushed nerves recover better
Question 5.
How do peripheral nerves repair themselves?
Correct Answer: Axonal Reaction
Question 6.
Name 8 local changes that occur when an axon is severed
Correct Answer: 1. Cut end retracts and the axolemma covers the cut end,
reducing escape of axoplasm 2. macrophages and Schwann cells begin to
phagocytize damaged tissue 3. Cell body undergoes chromotolysis, loss of Nissl
bodies, and lateral migration of nucleus 4. Antegrade (wallerian) degeneration
occurs in the distal axon 5. Swelling in axon terminal, it degenerates and loses
contact with post synaptic membrane within 7 days 6. Macrophages and
Schwann cells phagocytize remnants of axon terminal 7. Schwann cells
proliferate, forming a column or tube of schwann cells enclosed by the original
basal lamina of the endoneurium 8. Retrograde changes occur at the promixal
end of the injured axon and are similar to antegrade changes but only back to
the next node of Ranvier
Question 7.
Retrograde changes to the Proximal end of an injured axon only go back to what?
Correct Answer: The next node of Ranvier
,Question 8.
In what time span do new terminal sprouts project from the proximal segment of an
injured axon?
Correct Answer: 7-14 days
Question 9.
What is the length of growth per day of an injured axon? And what is regrowth limited to?
Correct Answer: 1mm/day. Limited to myelinated fibers in the Peripheral
Nervous System (PNS)
Question 10.
The closer the injury is to the cell body of a nerve...
Correct Answer: The greater the chances that the cell will die and not
regenerate
Question 11.
How does the location of an injury among Peripheral Nerves play a factor?
Correct Answer: Injured nerves closer to the spinal cord recover slower and
poorly because of the long distance between the cell body and the peripheral
termination of the axon.
Question 12.
Regeneration of axonal constituents in the CNS is limited by what
Correct Answer: glial scar formation (gliosis) and the different nature of myelin
formed by the oligodendrocyte
Question 13.
What 4 factors do nerve regeneration depend on
Correct Answer: 1. Location of injury 2. Type of injury (crushing vs cut) 3.
Presence of inflammatory responses 4. Process of scarring
Question 14.
Weight of Brain and amount of cardiac output received
Correct Answer: 3lbs and 15-20% of cardiac output
Question 15.
Prefrontal Area is responsible for what?
Correct Answer: Goal-oriented behavior, short term memory, concentration,
elaboration of thought and inhibition of limbic area. (emotions)
, Question 16.
Premotor area (Brodmann area 6) is responsible for what?
Correct Answer: motor movement, extrapyramidal system, eye movement,
(Brodmann area 8, middle frontal gyrus)
Question 17.
Primary motor area is responsible for what?
Correct Answer: Primary voluntary motor = somatotropic organization
(Homunculus = little man) Cerebral cortex controls central impulses for the
opposite side of the body.
Question 18.
Control of the opposite side of the body is called what?
Correct Answer: Contralateral control
Question 19.
Broca's speech area (Brodmann area 34, 45) is responsible for?
Correct Answer: Motor aspect of speech. Speech and language processing,
Dysfunction can result in inability to form words. "Expressive aphasia"
Question 20.
Somatic sensory input (Brodmann area 3,1,2) is responsible for?
Correct Answer: Provides communication between motor and sensory areas,
storage, analysis, and interpretation of stimulus
Question 21.
Wernicke area (Brodmann 22) is responsible for?
Correct Answer: Sensory speech area: responsible fro reception and
interpretation of speech (superior temporal gyrus) dysfunction may result in
receptive aphasia or dysphasia
Question 22.
Primary visual cortex (brodmann area 17) is responsible for what?
Correct Answer: Receives input from the retinas
Question 23.
What is the Corpus callosum? Why is it essential?
Correct Answer: Bundle of myelinated fibers that connects the two cerebral
hemispheres (conveying contralateral projection) which is essential in
coordinating activities between hemispheres
