Nur 213 Oxygenation and Fluid & Electrolytes Exam #1
Question with verified answers
pH- √√7.35 to 7.45
PaCO2- √√35 to 45 mmHg
PaO2- √√80 to 100 mmHg
HCO3- √√21 to 28 mEq/L
Compensated- √√normal pH, abnormal CO2 and HCO3
Uncompensated- √√abnormal pH, normal CO2 and HCO3
Hypoxia- √√decreased O2 to tissues
Hypoxemia- √√decreased O2 in blood PaO2
Hypercapnia- √√increased CO2 in blood PaCO2
Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF)- √√Respiratory system fails to maintain gas exchange caused
my mismatch of ventilation (V) or perfusion (Q); never a cause, always a symptom
Ventilatory Failure- √√lungs cannot remove enough CO2 from the body (hypercapnic)
Normal V/Q- √√0.8; 4L of oxygen and 5L of blood pass through the lungs every minute
Ventilation- √√amount of air entering the alveoli
Perfusion- √√blood in the pulmonary vasculature passing by the alveoli for gas exchange to
occur
Oxygenation (Gas Exchange) Failure- √√Hypoxemic RF; Type 1 ARF; exchange impaired at
alveoli-capillary membrane level; air moves in and out but does not oxygenate the blood;
easier to move CO2 out then O2 in
, Oxygenation (Gas Exchange) Failure Causes- √√Low O2 levels; Abnormal hemoglobin that
does not bind oxygen; V/Q Mismatch; Air movement is normal, but perfusion is decreased
Oxygenation (Gas Exchange) Failure Examples- √√Low O2 levels (High altitudes, closed
spaces, smoke inhalation, carbon monoxide poisoning); Pneumonia; Heart failure with
pulmonary edema; Pulmonary embolism; Interstitial pneumonitis- fibrosis;
Methemoglobinemia; Hypovolemic shock; Hypoventilation; ARDS
Methemoglobinemia- √√a rare blood disorder where red blood cells contain too much
methemoglobin
Ventilatory Failure- √√Hypercarbic respiratory failure; Type 2 ARF; PaCO2 over 50 and pH
under 7.35; perfusion is normal but ventilation (air movement) is inadequate; not enough
O2 or excessive CO2 retention
Ventilatory Failure Causes- √√Physical problem with lungs or chest walls; Poor function of
respiratory muscles, especially the diaphragm; Defect in the respiratory control center of
the brain
Ventilatory Failure Causes Extrapulmonary- √√Neuromuscular disorders; Myasthenia
Gravis, Guillain-Barre, Spinal cord injuries; Central nervous system disorders; Stroke,
Increased ICP, Meningitis; Chemical depression; Opioid overdose, Sedatives, Anesthesia;
Massive obesity; Sleep apnea; External obstruction or constriction
Ventilatory Failure Causes Intrapulmonary- √√Airway disease; COPD; Asthma; V/Q
Mismatch; Pulmonary embolism; Pneumothorax; Pulmonary edema; Interstitial lung
disease; ARDS
Combined Failures- √√hypoventilation w/ or w/o poor perfusion; more exaggerated
hypoxemia
Combined Failures Examples- √√chronic bronchitis, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, heart failure
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)- √√Blood vessels narrowed, blocked or destroyed;
decreased blood flow; increased blood pressure; heart must work harder leading to
weakened heart muscle
Question with verified answers
pH- √√7.35 to 7.45
PaCO2- √√35 to 45 mmHg
PaO2- √√80 to 100 mmHg
HCO3- √√21 to 28 mEq/L
Compensated- √√normal pH, abnormal CO2 and HCO3
Uncompensated- √√abnormal pH, normal CO2 and HCO3
Hypoxia- √√decreased O2 to tissues
Hypoxemia- √√decreased O2 in blood PaO2
Hypercapnia- √√increased CO2 in blood PaCO2
Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF)- √√Respiratory system fails to maintain gas exchange caused
my mismatch of ventilation (V) or perfusion (Q); never a cause, always a symptom
Ventilatory Failure- √√lungs cannot remove enough CO2 from the body (hypercapnic)
Normal V/Q- √√0.8; 4L of oxygen and 5L of blood pass through the lungs every minute
Ventilation- √√amount of air entering the alveoli
Perfusion- √√blood in the pulmonary vasculature passing by the alveoli for gas exchange to
occur
Oxygenation (Gas Exchange) Failure- √√Hypoxemic RF; Type 1 ARF; exchange impaired at
alveoli-capillary membrane level; air moves in and out but does not oxygenate the blood;
easier to move CO2 out then O2 in
, Oxygenation (Gas Exchange) Failure Causes- √√Low O2 levels; Abnormal hemoglobin that
does not bind oxygen; V/Q Mismatch; Air movement is normal, but perfusion is decreased
Oxygenation (Gas Exchange) Failure Examples- √√Low O2 levels (High altitudes, closed
spaces, smoke inhalation, carbon monoxide poisoning); Pneumonia; Heart failure with
pulmonary edema; Pulmonary embolism; Interstitial pneumonitis- fibrosis;
Methemoglobinemia; Hypovolemic shock; Hypoventilation; ARDS
Methemoglobinemia- √√a rare blood disorder where red blood cells contain too much
methemoglobin
Ventilatory Failure- √√Hypercarbic respiratory failure; Type 2 ARF; PaCO2 over 50 and pH
under 7.35; perfusion is normal but ventilation (air movement) is inadequate; not enough
O2 or excessive CO2 retention
Ventilatory Failure Causes- √√Physical problem with lungs or chest walls; Poor function of
respiratory muscles, especially the diaphragm; Defect in the respiratory control center of
the brain
Ventilatory Failure Causes Extrapulmonary- √√Neuromuscular disorders; Myasthenia
Gravis, Guillain-Barre, Spinal cord injuries; Central nervous system disorders; Stroke,
Increased ICP, Meningitis; Chemical depression; Opioid overdose, Sedatives, Anesthesia;
Massive obesity; Sleep apnea; External obstruction or constriction
Ventilatory Failure Causes Intrapulmonary- √√Airway disease; COPD; Asthma; V/Q
Mismatch; Pulmonary embolism; Pneumothorax; Pulmonary edema; Interstitial lung
disease; ARDS
Combined Failures- √√hypoventilation w/ or w/o poor perfusion; more exaggerated
hypoxemia
Combined Failures Examples- √√chronic bronchitis, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, heart failure
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)- √√Blood vessels narrowed, blocked or destroyed;
decreased blood flow; increased blood pressure; heart must work harder leading to
weakened heart muscle
