Dufour PSY 230 UMO Exam #1 Question with verified
answers
What is prejudice? - √√A negative attitude or evaluation toward members of a
group.
What is discrimination? - √√Negative behaviors or actions directed toward
members of a group.
According to the ABC model, what is prejudice? - √√The affective (feelings) and
cognitive (beliefs) components.
According to the ABC model, what is discrimination? - √√The behavioral (actions)
component.
How does prejudice develop? - √√Through classical conditioning, operant
conditioning, and observational learning.
What is social categorization? - √√Mentally organizing people into groups ("us" vs.
"them").
What is the illusion of outgroup homogeneity? - √√The tendency to see members
of other groups as all being alike.
Why do people categorize others? - √√It is a cognitive shortcut that simplifies how
we process information.
What is a stereotype? - √√A generalized belief about members of a group.
,Why do stereotypes form? - √√They reduce mental effort but often ignore
individual differences.
What is an illusory correlation? - √√Believing two things are related when they
really are not.
Why do illusory correlations strengthen stereotypes? - √√People notice
stereotype-consistent events while ignoring contradictory evidence.
What is belief perseverance? - √√Continuing to believe something even after
evidence shows it is false.
What is tokenism? - √√Pointing to one or a few exceptions to convince yourself
you are not prejudiced.
What is self-affirmation's role in reducing prejudice? - √√Feeling good about
yourself makes you less defensive and more open to admitting bias.
What is the Contact Hypothesis? - √√Increased positive contact between groups
reduces prejudice.
Who proposed the Contact Hypothesis? - √√Allport.
What was Sherif's Robbers Cave Study? - √√Boys at summer camp were divided
into competing groups, creating conflict.
, How did Sherif reduce the conflict? - √√By giving both groups superordinate goals
requiring cooperation.
What are superordinate goals? - √√Goals that require competing groups to work
together.
What is Realistic Conflict Theory? - √√Competition over limited resources leads to
prejudice and conflict.
Who proposed Realistic Conflict Theory? - √√Levine & Campbell.
What is zero-sum thinking? - √√The belief that one group's gain must come at
another group's expense.
What is the Just World Hypothesis? - √√The belief that people generally get what
they deserve.
Why can the Just World Hypothesis be harmful? - √√It can lead to victim blaming.
What is the illusion of control? - √√Overestimating how much control you have
over events.
Who developed the Authoritarian Personality theory? - √√Adorno (1950s).
What is an authoritarian personality? - √√A personality characterized by strong
obedience to authority, rigid thinking, conventional values, and prejudice toward
outgroups.
answers
What is prejudice? - √√A negative attitude or evaluation toward members of a
group.
What is discrimination? - √√Negative behaviors or actions directed toward
members of a group.
According to the ABC model, what is prejudice? - √√The affective (feelings) and
cognitive (beliefs) components.
According to the ABC model, what is discrimination? - √√The behavioral (actions)
component.
How does prejudice develop? - √√Through classical conditioning, operant
conditioning, and observational learning.
What is social categorization? - √√Mentally organizing people into groups ("us" vs.
"them").
What is the illusion of outgroup homogeneity? - √√The tendency to see members
of other groups as all being alike.
Why do people categorize others? - √√It is a cognitive shortcut that simplifies how
we process information.
What is a stereotype? - √√A generalized belief about members of a group.
,Why do stereotypes form? - √√They reduce mental effort but often ignore
individual differences.
What is an illusory correlation? - √√Believing two things are related when they
really are not.
Why do illusory correlations strengthen stereotypes? - √√People notice
stereotype-consistent events while ignoring contradictory evidence.
What is belief perseverance? - √√Continuing to believe something even after
evidence shows it is false.
What is tokenism? - √√Pointing to one or a few exceptions to convince yourself
you are not prejudiced.
What is self-affirmation's role in reducing prejudice? - √√Feeling good about
yourself makes you less defensive and more open to admitting bias.
What is the Contact Hypothesis? - √√Increased positive contact between groups
reduces prejudice.
Who proposed the Contact Hypothesis? - √√Allport.
What was Sherif's Robbers Cave Study? - √√Boys at summer camp were divided
into competing groups, creating conflict.
, How did Sherif reduce the conflict? - √√By giving both groups superordinate goals
requiring cooperation.
What are superordinate goals? - √√Goals that require competing groups to work
together.
What is Realistic Conflict Theory? - √√Competition over limited resources leads to
prejudice and conflict.
Who proposed Realistic Conflict Theory? - √√Levine & Campbell.
What is zero-sum thinking? - √√The belief that one group's gain must come at
another group's expense.
What is the Just World Hypothesis? - √√The belief that people generally get what
they deserve.
Why can the Just World Hypothesis be harmful? - √√It can lead to victim blaming.
What is the illusion of control? - √√Overestimating how much control you have
over events.
Who developed the Authoritarian Personality theory? - √√Adorno (1950s).
What is an authoritarian personality? - √√A personality characterized by strong
obedience to authority, rigid thinking, conventional values, and prejudice toward
outgroups.
