VET 402 EXAM 1 UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

VET 402 EXAM 1 UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS

Question:
1. Hematology
Answer:
study of structure and function of blood, blood forming organs, and their diseases

Question:
2. Why is hematology important
Answer:
-Blood repeatedly journeys all the organs and tissues thus blood abnormalities affect tissue and organs,
blood composition reflects and influences organs and tissues
-CBC is fundamental tool in medicine

Question:
3. Lab medicine (5)
Answer:
-Clinical Path: hematology, chem, urinalysis, cytology
-Microbiology: bacteriology, parasitology, mycology, virology
-Anatomical pathology- gross path and histopath
-Immunology
-toxicology

Question:
4. 2 blood components
Answer:
-Aqueous fraction (plasma) and cellular fraction (RBC, leukocytes and platelets)

Question:
5. Plasma constituents
Answer:
-Proteins (albumin, globulins, 50/50 ratio)
-Electrolytes (cations + sodium/potassium and anions - chloride/bicarb)
-Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, triglycerides, aminos)
-Metabolic 'by-porducts' (urea, creatinine, bilirubin)
-Signaling mol (hormones, cytokines, growth factors)
-Plasma vs serum (clotted=no fibrinogen/clotting factors)

Question:
6. Blood cells (3 type overview)
Answer:
-Erythrocytes (RBC, deliver oxygen, 10^6 ul, most abundant)
-Plateletes/thrombocytes (blood coag, 10^5 ul)
-Leukocytes (WBC, protection, 10^3 ul)

,Question:
7. Erythrocytes (RBC)
Answer:
-Mammals= no nucleus ; non-mammals=nucleus
-disk shaped, biconcave (see light center with staining due to lack of hemoglobin)
Lecture 2 pics

Question:
8. Leukocytes (WBC)
Answer:
-Granulocytes or PMNs (polymorphic nuclears)
-Neutrophils*: light pink cytoplasm 'neutral', no granules
-Eosinophils: pink granules
-Basophils: blue/purple granules
-Mononuclear:
-Lymphocyte: *high N:C, round nuc w/ little blue cyto
-Monocyte:*: blue cytoplasm, polymorphic nuc, low N:C
*most abundant
Lecture 2 pic

Question:
9. Leukocyte variants
Answer:
Heterophil: eosinophils that have purple staining granules (rabbits) Kurloff cell: leukocyte variant (guinea
pigs) Skipocyte: ruptured leukocyte

Question:
10. Blood tubes (5)
Answer:
-Blue-> sodium citrate, anticoag-bind Ca2+, coag test
-Red/gold/tiger-> serum with or without clot activator/gel, promotes clotting with glass or sillica,
chem/serology/immunology tests
-Green-> sodium or lithium heparin, anticoag-inhibit thrombin and thromboplastin, chem test
-Lavender/pink-> anticoag-potassium EDTA, bind calcium, hemotology and blood bank
-Gray-> sodium fluoride/oxalate, fluoride inhibits glycolosis while oxalate prevent clotting by
precipitating calcium, glucose/blood alch/lactic acid tests

Question:
11. Anticoagulant tubes (clotting and 2 tubes)
Answer:
-Anticoag targets Ca ions (cofactor of coag enzymes) and thrombin (protease)
-EDTA (purple)- inhibits coagulation by chelating Ca 2+ cations (also, K+, Na+, and Mg++), preserves
cell morph better than heparin
-Heparin (green)- inhibits coagulation by activating antithrombin, which inhibits the action of thrombin
(used in hematology and chemistries unlike EDTA)

,Question:
12. CBC result reading
Answer:
-Erythrocyte parameters (erythrogram)
-Leukocycte parameters (leukogram)
-Platelet parameters (thrombogram)
-miscellaneous (plasma protein, plasma apprearance)

Question:
13. Counting blood cells
Answer:
-Manual methods (hemocytometer-counting squares, used in non-mammalian samples)
-Automated methods (impedance, flow cytometry)

Question:
14. Impedance
Answer:
-electrical current passed through blood, allowing cells to pass through aperture
-change in electric impedance generated by cells passing through aperture: large to small->
leukocytes/giant platelets, erythrocytes, platelets
-provide 3-way diff count (granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes)

Question:
15. Flow cytometry
Answer:
-excitation laser passed through cells creating shadows
-Bigger shadow then the bigger the cell
-scatter is a factor
-most sensitive due to 5 part differential (neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, granulocytes)

Question:
16. ADVIA 2120i-Technical Specification
Answer:
FLOW CYTOMETRY READING
-Traditional CBC: WBC, RBC, Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDM, PLT (5 part differential)
-Platelete indices: PLT, MPV, PCT
-Reticulocytes indicies: RETIC, CHr

Question:
17. Blood smears
Answer:
-ALWAYS part of CBC, made immediately, stained with Romanowsky stain (blue= basophilic,
pink=eosinophilic), read in middle btwn feathered edge and dense area
-Methods: push slide, coverslip

Question:
18. Hematopoiesis

, Answer:
production of all blood elements

Question:
19. Myelopoiesis
Answer:
-production of non-lymphoid bone marrow or bone marrow derived cells
-Erythropoiesis, granulopoiesis, thrombopoiesis (no lymphocytes)

Question:
20. Blood cell life span
Answer:
Neutrophils - 10 hrs Platelets- 10 days RBC- 100 days (correlated with size) Lymphocytes- years

Question:
21. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)
Answer:
- 1 daughter cells give rise to blood cells, other daughter cell renews itself (immortal)
-Defined by capacity to form colonies and differentiate (Colony Forming Units/CFU and Burst Forming
Units/BFU)
-Marker-based definition: CD34 cell surface marker used

Question:
22. Sites of hematopoiesis
Answer:
-Embryo: yolk sacs (mesenchymal blood islands), liver and spleen
-Fetus: liver, spleen, bone marrow (kidney/lymph nodes)
-After birth: bone marrow (young: long and flat bones; adults: flat bones and ends of long bones)
*growing animals expand blood cell pops, adults maintain blood cell pops

Question:
23. Comparative hematopoiesis
Answer:
-Mammals + birds: bone marrow
-reptiles: bone marrow and spleen
-amphibians + fish: spleen, kidney, liver

Question:
24. Bone marrow
Answer:
-Primary hematopoietic organ in adults (2-3% body weight)
-Young: red due to hemoglobin
-Adults: marrow of long bones is yellow due to fat replacement, most hematopoiesis in cancellous bone
(flat bones)

Question:
25. Hematopoiesis in stress