BSC 2011 Lab Final Exam Questions and
All Actual Answers 2026-2027 Updated.
Supergroup Opisthokonta - Answer - monophyletic
- flagellated cells with a single posterior flagella
- Kingdom Fungi and Animalia
- Fungi, Porifera, Choanoflagellates, Cnidaria, Echinodermata, Chordata, Nematoda, Arthropoda,
Platyhelminthes, Mollusca
Kingdom Fungi - Answer - eukaryotic, mainly multicellular organisms
- absorptive heterotrophs: obtain energy from organic carbon by absorption
- mycelium: mass of hyphae that complete the feeding network of the fungus
- hyphae may have cross-walls (septa) to separate nuclei and cytoplasm between cells or lack
cross-walls (aseptae)
- fruiting bodies: the sexual reproductive structures that emerge from the substrate; produce
spores that disperse to produce mycelium
- form mutualistic symbioses with plants
- 90% of plants have mycorrhizae
- increase water and mineral absorption
Kingdom Fungi - Phylum Zygomycota - Answer - produce sexual zygotes
- opposite mating types of hyphae come together to produce zygosporangia
- have aseuxal and sexual reproduction methods
- not a monophyletic group
,Kingdom Fungi - Phylum Zygomycota - Rhizopus stonifer (Bread Mold) - Answer - rhizoid
hyphae: penetrate the bread for absorption of nutrients
- stolon hyphae: connect groups of rhizoids and sporangium, usually on the surface
- sporangiophores: stand upright and hold a sporangium at their tips
- asexual spores develop in the sporangium and release to spread to other surfaces
Kingdom Fungi - Phylum Ascomycota - Answer - produce asci, which produce sexual
ascospores
sac fungi
- reproduce asexually through spore formation or sexually through ascospore formation
Kingdom Fungi - Phylum Ascomycota - Yeasts - Answer - unicellular fungus
- divide by budding or binary fission
- Candida albicans
- can shift between multicellular (mold) and unicellular growth states
- causes yeast vaginitis and thrush
- used for baking bread and brewing beer
Kingdom Fungi - Phylum Ascomycota - Sordaria fimicola - Answer
Kingdom Fungi - Phylum Ascomycota - Peziza sp. - Answer
Kingdom Fungi - Phylum Basidiomycota - Answer - produce basidia, which produce sexual
basidiospores
produced in the basidium
- each basidium has 4 basidiospores
, - fruiting bodies are mushrooms
- gills bear basidia which are the sexual reproductive structures
Kingdom Fungi - Phylum Basidiomycota - Bracket Fungus - Answer
Kingdom Fungi - Lichens - Answer - composite organisms consisting of symbiotic relationship
between Ascomycota fungi and cyanobacteria or green algae
Kingdom Fungi - Lichens - Crustose Lichens - Answer - flat and adhere tightly to the surface of
rocks and tree bark
Kingdom Fungi - Lichens - Foliose Lichen - Answer - more leaf-like, edges curl away from the
substrate
- typical found on trunks and tree branches
Kingdom Fungi - Lichens - Frucitose Lichen - Answer - more 3d, shrubby growth
- some can be found growing on the ground
Kingdom Animalia/Metazoa - Answer - monophyletic group
- multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that lack cell walls
Kingdom Animalia - Clade Parazoa - Answer lack true tissues
Kingdom Animalia - Clade Parazoa - Phylum Porifera - Answer - sponges, earliest animal
lineage
- believed to have evolved from a choanoflagellate ancestor because of their morphological and
molecular similarities
- asymmetrical
- water flows into the spongocoel through the porocyte and exits through the osculum
All Actual Answers 2026-2027 Updated.
Supergroup Opisthokonta - Answer - monophyletic
- flagellated cells with a single posterior flagella
- Kingdom Fungi and Animalia
- Fungi, Porifera, Choanoflagellates, Cnidaria, Echinodermata, Chordata, Nematoda, Arthropoda,
Platyhelminthes, Mollusca
Kingdom Fungi - Answer - eukaryotic, mainly multicellular organisms
- absorptive heterotrophs: obtain energy from organic carbon by absorption
- mycelium: mass of hyphae that complete the feeding network of the fungus
- hyphae may have cross-walls (septa) to separate nuclei and cytoplasm between cells or lack
cross-walls (aseptae)
- fruiting bodies: the sexual reproductive structures that emerge from the substrate; produce
spores that disperse to produce mycelium
- form mutualistic symbioses with plants
- 90% of plants have mycorrhizae
- increase water and mineral absorption
Kingdom Fungi - Phylum Zygomycota - Answer - produce sexual zygotes
- opposite mating types of hyphae come together to produce zygosporangia
- have aseuxal and sexual reproduction methods
- not a monophyletic group
,Kingdom Fungi - Phylum Zygomycota - Rhizopus stonifer (Bread Mold) - Answer - rhizoid
hyphae: penetrate the bread for absorption of nutrients
- stolon hyphae: connect groups of rhizoids and sporangium, usually on the surface
- sporangiophores: stand upright and hold a sporangium at their tips
- asexual spores develop in the sporangium and release to spread to other surfaces
Kingdom Fungi - Phylum Ascomycota - Answer - produce asci, which produce sexual
ascospores
sac fungi
- reproduce asexually through spore formation or sexually through ascospore formation
Kingdom Fungi - Phylum Ascomycota - Yeasts - Answer - unicellular fungus
- divide by budding or binary fission
- Candida albicans
- can shift between multicellular (mold) and unicellular growth states
- causes yeast vaginitis and thrush
- used for baking bread and brewing beer
Kingdom Fungi - Phylum Ascomycota - Sordaria fimicola - Answer
Kingdom Fungi - Phylum Ascomycota - Peziza sp. - Answer
Kingdom Fungi - Phylum Basidiomycota - Answer - produce basidia, which produce sexual
basidiospores
produced in the basidium
- each basidium has 4 basidiospores
, - fruiting bodies are mushrooms
- gills bear basidia which are the sexual reproductive structures
Kingdom Fungi - Phylum Basidiomycota - Bracket Fungus - Answer
Kingdom Fungi - Lichens - Answer - composite organisms consisting of symbiotic relationship
between Ascomycota fungi and cyanobacteria or green algae
Kingdom Fungi - Lichens - Crustose Lichens - Answer - flat and adhere tightly to the surface of
rocks and tree bark
Kingdom Fungi - Lichens - Foliose Lichen - Answer - more leaf-like, edges curl away from the
substrate
- typical found on trunks and tree branches
Kingdom Fungi - Lichens - Frucitose Lichen - Answer - more 3d, shrubby growth
- some can be found growing on the ground
Kingdom Animalia/Metazoa - Answer - monophyletic group
- multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that lack cell walls
Kingdom Animalia - Clade Parazoa - Answer lack true tissues
Kingdom Animalia - Clade Parazoa - Phylum Porifera - Answer - sponges, earliest animal
lineage
- believed to have evolved from a choanoflagellate ancestor because of their morphological and
molecular similarities
- asymmetrical
- water flows into the spongocoel through the porocyte and exits through the osculum
