• NURS 6501EXAM 09/13/2026
NURS 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 2
| QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS RATED
A+ | 2026/2027 GUIDE | GCU| 2026/2027 Latest
Update | Complete Chapter Questions &
Answers with Rationales | Verified Questions &
Answers | Graded A+
1. Which description is consistent with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
a. Defects exist in the ras oncogene, TP53 tumor-suppressor gene, and INK4A, the gene encoding a cell-cycle
regulatory protein.
b. Leukocytosis and a predominance of blast cells characterize the bone marrow and peripheral blood. As the
immature blasts increase, they replace normal myelocytic cells, megakaryocytes, and erythrocytes.
P 1
, • NURS 6501EXAM 09/13/2026
c. B cells fail to mature into plasma cells that synthesize immunoglobulins.
d. The translocation of genetic material from genes 9 and 22 creates an abnormal, fused protein identified as
BCR-ABL. –
Correct Answer :Answer is C. CLL is derived from transformation of a partially mature B cell that has not yet
encountered antigen.
1. Which electrolyte imbalance accompanies multiple myeloma (MM)?
a. Hyperkalemia
b. Hyperphosphatemia
c. Hypercalcemia
d. Hypernatremia
- Correct Answer :Hypercalcemia. Elevated levels of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia) characterize the
common presentation of MM.
1. Which statements are true regarding leukemias? (Select all that apply.)
a. A single progenitor cell undergoes a malignant change.
b. Leukemia is a result of uncontrolled cellular proliferation.
c. Bone marrow becomes overcrowded.
d. Leukocytes are under produced.
e. Hematopoietic cell production is decreased.
- Correct Answer :A, B, C, D. In the leukemias, a single progenitor cell undergoes malignant transformation. The
common feature of all forms of leukemia is an uncontrolled proliferation of malignant leukocytes, causing an
overcrowding of bone marrow and decreased production and function of normal hematopoietic cells.
1. The two major forms of leukemia, acute and chronic, are classified by which criteria? (Select all that apply.)
a. Predominant cell type
b. Rate of progression
c. Age of individual when cells differentiation occurs
P 2
, • NURS 6501EXAM 09/13/2026
d. Stage of cell development when malignancy first occurs
e. Serum level of leukocytes
- Correct Answer :A & B. The current classification of leukemia is based on (1) the predominant cell of origin
(either myeloid or lymphoid) and (2) the rate of progression, which usually reflects the degree at which cell
differentiation was arrested when the cell became malignant (acute or chronic).
1. Which chamber of the heart endures the highest pressures?
a. Right atrium
b. Left ventricle
c. Left atrium
d. Right ventricle - Correct Answer :Pressure is greatest in the systemic circulation, driven by the left ventricle.
1. Oxygenated blood flows through which vessel?
a. Superior vena cava
b. Pulmonary artery
c. Pulmonary veins
d. Coronary veins
- Correct Answer :Pulmonary veins. Only the four pulmonary veins, two from the right lung and two from the
left lung, carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart.
1. The significance of the atrial kick is that it affects the contraction of the:
a. Right atria, which is necessary to open the tricuspid valve.
b. Right atria, which is necessary to increase the blood volume from the vena cava.
c. Left atria, which increases the blood volume into the ventricle.
d. Left atria, that is necessary to open the mitral valve. - Correct Answer :C, Left atrial contraction, the atrial kick,
provides a significant increase of blood to the left ventricle.
1. The coronary sinus empties into which cardiac structure?
P 3
, • NURS 6501EXAM 09/13/2026
a. Right atrium
b. Superior vena cava
c. Left atrium
d. Aorta - Correct Answer :Right atrium. The cardiac veins empty only into the right atrium through another
ostium, the opening of a large vein called the coronary sinus.
1. During the cardiac cycle, which structure directly delivers action potential to the ventricular myocardium?
a. Sinoatrial (SA) node
b. Purkinje fibers
c. Atrioventricular (AV) node
d. Bundle branches - Correct Answer :Purkinje fibers. Each cardiac action potential travels from the SA node to
the AV node to the bundle of His (AV bundle), through the bundle branches, and finally to the Purkinje fibers and
the ventricular myocardium, where the impulse is stopped. The refractory period of cells that have just been
polarized prevents the impulse from reversing its path. The refractory period ensures that diastole (relaxation)
will occur, thereby completing the cardiac cycle. This selection is the only option that accurately describes the
structure that delivers the action potential directly to the myocardium.
1. Where in the heart are the receptors for neurotransmitters located?
a. Semilunar and atrioventricular (AV) valves
b. Endocardium and sinoatrial (SA) node
c. Myocardium and coronary vessels
d. Epicardium and AV node - Correct Answer :Myocardium & coronary vessels. Sympathetic neural stimulation
of the myocardium and coronary vessels depends on the presence of adrenergic receptors, which specifically
bind with neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system. The β1 receptors are found mostly in the heart,
specifically the conduction system (AV and SA nodes, Purkinje fibers) and the atrial and ventricular myocardium,
whereas the β2 receptors are found in the heart and also on vascular smooth muscle. β3 receptors are also
found in the myocardium and coronary vessels.
1. Within a physiologic range, what does an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume (preload) result in?
a. Increase in force of contraction
b. Increase in afterload
c. Decrease in refractory time
P 4
NURS 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 2
| QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS RATED
A+ | 2026/2027 GUIDE | GCU| 2026/2027 Latest
Update | Complete Chapter Questions &
Answers with Rationales | Verified Questions &
Answers | Graded A+
1. Which description is consistent with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
a. Defects exist in the ras oncogene, TP53 tumor-suppressor gene, and INK4A, the gene encoding a cell-cycle
regulatory protein.
b. Leukocytosis and a predominance of blast cells characterize the bone marrow and peripheral blood. As the
immature blasts increase, they replace normal myelocytic cells, megakaryocytes, and erythrocytes.
P 1
, • NURS 6501EXAM 09/13/2026
c. B cells fail to mature into plasma cells that synthesize immunoglobulins.
d. The translocation of genetic material from genes 9 and 22 creates an abnormal, fused protein identified as
BCR-ABL. –
Correct Answer :Answer is C. CLL is derived from transformation of a partially mature B cell that has not yet
encountered antigen.
1. Which electrolyte imbalance accompanies multiple myeloma (MM)?
a. Hyperkalemia
b. Hyperphosphatemia
c. Hypercalcemia
d. Hypernatremia
- Correct Answer :Hypercalcemia. Elevated levels of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia) characterize the
common presentation of MM.
1. Which statements are true regarding leukemias? (Select all that apply.)
a. A single progenitor cell undergoes a malignant change.
b. Leukemia is a result of uncontrolled cellular proliferation.
c. Bone marrow becomes overcrowded.
d. Leukocytes are under produced.
e. Hematopoietic cell production is decreased.
- Correct Answer :A, B, C, D. In the leukemias, a single progenitor cell undergoes malignant transformation. The
common feature of all forms of leukemia is an uncontrolled proliferation of malignant leukocytes, causing an
overcrowding of bone marrow and decreased production and function of normal hematopoietic cells.
1. The two major forms of leukemia, acute and chronic, are classified by which criteria? (Select all that apply.)
a. Predominant cell type
b. Rate of progression
c. Age of individual when cells differentiation occurs
P 2
, • NURS 6501EXAM 09/13/2026
d. Stage of cell development when malignancy first occurs
e. Serum level of leukocytes
- Correct Answer :A & B. The current classification of leukemia is based on (1) the predominant cell of origin
(either myeloid or lymphoid) and (2) the rate of progression, which usually reflects the degree at which cell
differentiation was arrested when the cell became malignant (acute or chronic).
1. Which chamber of the heart endures the highest pressures?
a. Right atrium
b. Left ventricle
c. Left atrium
d. Right ventricle - Correct Answer :Pressure is greatest in the systemic circulation, driven by the left ventricle.
1. Oxygenated blood flows through which vessel?
a. Superior vena cava
b. Pulmonary artery
c. Pulmonary veins
d. Coronary veins
- Correct Answer :Pulmonary veins. Only the four pulmonary veins, two from the right lung and two from the
left lung, carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart.
1. The significance of the atrial kick is that it affects the contraction of the:
a. Right atria, which is necessary to open the tricuspid valve.
b. Right atria, which is necessary to increase the blood volume from the vena cava.
c. Left atria, which increases the blood volume into the ventricle.
d. Left atria, that is necessary to open the mitral valve. - Correct Answer :C, Left atrial contraction, the atrial kick,
provides a significant increase of blood to the left ventricle.
1. The coronary sinus empties into which cardiac structure?
P 3
, • NURS 6501EXAM 09/13/2026
a. Right atrium
b. Superior vena cava
c. Left atrium
d. Aorta - Correct Answer :Right atrium. The cardiac veins empty only into the right atrium through another
ostium, the opening of a large vein called the coronary sinus.
1. During the cardiac cycle, which structure directly delivers action potential to the ventricular myocardium?
a. Sinoatrial (SA) node
b. Purkinje fibers
c. Atrioventricular (AV) node
d. Bundle branches - Correct Answer :Purkinje fibers. Each cardiac action potential travels from the SA node to
the AV node to the bundle of His (AV bundle), through the bundle branches, and finally to the Purkinje fibers and
the ventricular myocardium, where the impulse is stopped. The refractory period of cells that have just been
polarized prevents the impulse from reversing its path. The refractory period ensures that diastole (relaxation)
will occur, thereby completing the cardiac cycle. This selection is the only option that accurately describes the
structure that delivers the action potential directly to the myocardium.
1. Where in the heart are the receptors for neurotransmitters located?
a. Semilunar and atrioventricular (AV) valves
b. Endocardium and sinoatrial (SA) node
c. Myocardium and coronary vessels
d. Epicardium and AV node - Correct Answer :Myocardium & coronary vessels. Sympathetic neural stimulation
of the myocardium and coronary vessels depends on the presence of adrenergic receptors, which specifically
bind with neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system. The β1 receptors are found mostly in the heart,
specifically the conduction system (AV and SA nodes, Purkinje fibers) and the atrial and ventricular myocardium,
whereas the β2 receptors are found in the heart and also on vascular smooth muscle. β3 receptors are also
found in the myocardium and coronary vessels.
1. Within a physiologic range, what does an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume (preload) result in?
a. Increase in force of contraction
b. Increase in afterload
c. Decrease in refractory time
P 4
