Pathophysiology Final Review
Study Guide | Nursing Patho
Practice Questions & Exam Prep
2026/2027
,Physiological reactions that occur during "Fight or Flight" Tachycardia, Dialated Pupils, Hypertension
State of equilibrium/balance within the body Homeostasis
Function of the Ribosomes Protein synthesis
Hormone that increases blood sugar levels is Glucagon; Insulin
___________. Hormone that decreases blood sugar levels
is __________.
What chemical helps with endocrine system function? Hormones
Type of cell division that only occurs within sperm/ovum? Meiosis
A decrease of ___________ ____________ can lead to Plasma proteins
edema due to inability to keep fluid within the vessel
membranes.
Electrolytes that are intracellular? Potassium, Magnesium
Normal Range for Potassium 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Normal Range for Sodium 135-145 mEq/L
Normal Range for Calcium 4.0-5.0 mEq/L (9-11 mg/dL)
Normal Range for pH 7.35-7.45
Normal Range for Bicarbonate (HCO3) 22-26 mEq/L
Normal Range for Carbon dioxide (CO2) 35-45 mm Hg
Why is hyponatremia dangerous? Causes brain swelling; can be fatal
, Manifestations of Hypovolemia Thirst, Altered consciousness, Tachycardia, Weak pulse, Dry mucous membranes,
decreased circulating blood volume
Manifestations of Hypervolemia Bounding pulses, crackles in the lungs, Pitting edema
What organ(s) store calcium? Bones
If patient has edema, is this a sign or symptom? Sign
What is an example of insensible water loss? Sweating & Breathing
Which type of solution will cause fluid shift from Hypotonic
extracellular to intracellular space?
Movement of fluids between interstitial and intracellular Osmosis
compartments?
Movement of electrolytes between interstitial and Diffusion
intracellular compartments?
Hypernatremia and increased serum osmolality can be due Fluids (Water)
to deficiency of what?
What is the role of the lungs when maintaining the acid- Expelling carbon dioxide
base balance?
What action can cause metabolic acidosis? Diarrhea
What action can cause metabolic alkalosis? Vomiting
What is normal saline and what type of solution is it? 0.9% sodium chloride ; isotonic solution
Which type of solution will cause fluid shift from Hypertonic
intracellular to extracellular space?
What is sepsis? Severe/toxic inflammation caused by infection.
Study Guide | Nursing Patho
Practice Questions & Exam Prep
2026/2027
,Physiological reactions that occur during "Fight or Flight" Tachycardia, Dialated Pupils, Hypertension
State of equilibrium/balance within the body Homeostasis
Function of the Ribosomes Protein synthesis
Hormone that increases blood sugar levels is Glucagon; Insulin
___________. Hormone that decreases blood sugar levels
is __________.
What chemical helps with endocrine system function? Hormones
Type of cell division that only occurs within sperm/ovum? Meiosis
A decrease of ___________ ____________ can lead to Plasma proteins
edema due to inability to keep fluid within the vessel
membranes.
Electrolytes that are intracellular? Potassium, Magnesium
Normal Range for Potassium 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Normal Range for Sodium 135-145 mEq/L
Normal Range for Calcium 4.0-5.0 mEq/L (9-11 mg/dL)
Normal Range for pH 7.35-7.45
Normal Range for Bicarbonate (HCO3) 22-26 mEq/L
Normal Range for Carbon dioxide (CO2) 35-45 mm Hg
Why is hyponatremia dangerous? Causes brain swelling; can be fatal
, Manifestations of Hypovolemia Thirst, Altered consciousness, Tachycardia, Weak pulse, Dry mucous membranes,
decreased circulating blood volume
Manifestations of Hypervolemia Bounding pulses, crackles in the lungs, Pitting edema
What organ(s) store calcium? Bones
If patient has edema, is this a sign or symptom? Sign
What is an example of insensible water loss? Sweating & Breathing
Which type of solution will cause fluid shift from Hypotonic
extracellular to intracellular space?
Movement of fluids between interstitial and intracellular Osmosis
compartments?
Movement of electrolytes between interstitial and Diffusion
intracellular compartments?
Hypernatremia and increased serum osmolality can be due Fluids (Water)
to deficiency of what?
What is the role of the lungs when maintaining the acid- Expelling carbon dioxide
base balance?
What action can cause metabolic acidosis? Diarrhea
What action can cause metabolic alkalosis? Vomiting
What is normal saline and what type of solution is it? 0.9% sodium chloride ; isotonic solution
Which type of solution will cause fluid shift from Hypertonic
intracellular to extracellular space?
What is sepsis? Severe/toxic inflammation caused by infection.
