,NSG 123 Exam 3 Medical-Surgical Nursing I Questions And Answers
2026/2027 HERZING UNIVERSITY
Q1. Why is hypertension often described as a "silent" condition?
A) It always causes severe pain.
B) It may cause significant organ damage while producing few noticeable
symptoms.
C) It only occurs during sleep.
D) It always causes respiratory distress.
Correct Answer: B) It may cause significant organ damage while producing
few noticeable symptoms.
Rationale: Hypertension may remain asymptomatic while sustained
elevated pressure progressively damages organs such as the heart, brain,
kidneys, and blood vessels.
Q2. Which relationship correctly represents the factors determining
cardiac output?
A) CO = SV × HR
B) CO = BP × HR
C) CO = HR ÷ SV
D) CO = PR × SV
Correct Answer: A) CO = SV × HR
Rationale: Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per
minute and is calculated by multiplying stroke volume by heart rate.
Q3. Which relationship describes blood pressure in terms of cardiac
output and peripheral resistance?
A) BP = HR ÷ CO
B) BP = CO × PR
C) BP = SV ÷ HR
D) BP = PR ÷ CO
Correct Answer: B) BP = CO × PR
Rationale: Arterial blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output and
systemic vascular resistance. Changes in either can affect blood pressure.
Q4. Which client has a modifiable risk factor for hypertension?
, A) A client with a family history of hypertension
B) A client who is older
C) A client who smokes cigarettes
D) A client with a genetic predisposition
Correct Answer: C) A client who smokes cigarettes
Rationale: Smoking is a modifiable risk factor. Age, family history, and
genetic predisposition cannot be changed.
Q5. Which factor is a nonmodifiable risk factor for hypertension?
A) High sodium intake
B) Physical inactivity
C) Obesity
D) Family history
Correct Answer: D) Family history
Rationale: Family history represents inherited risk and cannot be modified
through lifestyle intervention.
Q6. Which condition is associated with an increased risk of
developing hypertension?
A) Obstructive sleep apnea
B) Adequate physical activity
C) Low sodium intake
D) Normal body weight
Correct Answer: A) Obstructive sleep apnea
Rationale: Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with increased
sympathetic activity and is an important risk factor for hypertension.
Q7. Which dietary pattern is recommended to help manage
hypertension?
A) DASH diet
B) High-sodium diet
C) High-saturated-fat diet
D) Highly processed diet
Correct Answer: A) DASH diet
Rationale: The DASH eating pattern emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole
grains, and lower-fat foods while limiting sodium and saturated fat.
2026/2027 HERZING UNIVERSITY
Q1. Why is hypertension often described as a "silent" condition?
A) It always causes severe pain.
B) It may cause significant organ damage while producing few noticeable
symptoms.
C) It only occurs during sleep.
D) It always causes respiratory distress.
Correct Answer: B) It may cause significant organ damage while producing
few noticeable symptoms.
Rationale: Hypertension may remain asymptomatic while sustained
elevated pressure progressively damages organs such as the heart, brain,
kidneys, and blood vessels.
Q2. Which relationship correctly represents the factors determining
cardiac output?
A) CO = SV × HR
B) CO = BP × HR
C) CO = HR ÷ SV
D) CO = PR × SV
Correct Answer: A) CO = SV × HR
Rationale: Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per
minute and is calculated by multiplying stroke volume by heart rate.
Q3. Which relationship describes blood pressure in terms of cardiac
output and peripheral resistance?
A) BP = HR ÷ CO
B) BP = CO × PR
C) BP = SV ÷ HR
D) BP = PR ÷ CO
Correct Answer: B) BP = CO × PR
Rationale: Arterial blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output and
systemic vascular resistance. Changes in either can affect blood pressure.
Q4. Which client has a modifiable risk factor for hypertension?
, A) A client with a family history of hypertension
B) A client who is older
C) A client who smokes cigarettes
D) A client with a genetic predisposition
Correct Answer: C) A client who smokes cigarettes
Rationale: Smoking is a modifiable risk factor. Age, family history, and
genetic predisposition cannot be changed.
Q5. Which factor is a nonmodifiable risk factor for hypertension?
A) High sodium intake
B) Physical inactivity
C) Obesity
D) Family history
Correct Answer: D) Family history
Rationale: Family history represents inherited risk and cannot be modified
through lifestyle intervention.
Q6. Which condition is associated with an increased risk of
developing hypertension?
A) Obstructive sleep apnea
B) Adequate physical activity
C) Low sodium intake
D) Normal body weight
Correct Answer: A) Obstructive sleep apnea
Rationale: Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with increased
sympathetic activity and is an important risk factor for hypertension.
Q7. Which dietary pattern is recommended to help manage
hypertension?
A) DASH diet
B) High-sodium diet
C) High-saturated-fat diet
D) Highly processed diet
Correct Answer: A) DASH diet
Rationale: The DASH eating pattern emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole
grains, and lower-fat foods while limiting sodium and saturated fat.
