GGH3702 ASSIGNMENT 2 PRACTICE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
UPDATED VERSION VERIFIED A+
◉ There are3 types of hormones: (3)
Answer: endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine
◉ Classically, ______ hormones (e.g., cortisol, insulin, and prolactin)
are those messengers transported in the blood to a target distant from the
site of secretion, whereas _______ hormones (e.g., neurotransmitters
and growth factors) exert their action locally at the site of secretion.
Answer: endocrine
paracrine
◉ When hormones act on the cells of their synthetic origin, they are
described as _____ hormones (e.g., IL-2 in activated lymphocytes)
Answer: autocrine
◉ Structurally, hormones may be modified (4)
Answer: amino acids, peptides, glycoproteins, or steroids
◉ ______ are chemically among the simplest hormones. Examples
include thyroxine, which is present in plasma mostly bound to plasma
proteins and catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine,
which circulate as free hormones.
Answer: Modified amino acids
,◉ ________ hormones range in size from simple tripeptides (e.g.,
thyrotropin-releasing hormone, TRH) to complex glycoproteins (e.g.,
luteinizing hormone, LH)
Answer: Peptide
◉ _____ hormones are derived from cholesterol, are hydrophobic, and
are present in plasma principally bound to proteins, with the unbound
("free") hormone bioavailable to apply its action
Answer: Steroid
◉ Hormone systems are typically controlled by _____ mechanisms
Answer: feedback (positive vs. negative)
◉ The _____ of hormones is key to their function as controllers of
homeostasis
Answer: inactivation (degradation or clearance)
◉ Measurement of hormones in _____, _____ and ____forms part of the
assessment of hormone action and endocrine axes
Answer: blood, urine and saliva
◉ If a hormone is hard to measure in blood, it may be appropriate either
technically (e.g., due to issues with measurement or analyte stability) or
physiologically (e.g., due to rapid fluctuations in levels where a single
, time-point measurement may be misleading) to measure _____ _____
precursors or ______ _______
Answer: upstream trophic (e.g., 25-hydroxy vitamin D)
downstream metabolites (e.g., urine metanephrines).
◉ Isolated measurements of hormones that exhibit _____ rhythm, such
as cortisol and growth hormone are of limited value
Answer: circadian (fluctuate at different times of day)
◉ In the clinical laboratory, hormone levels in blood and urine are
usually measured using ____ or _____.
Answer: immunoassay or mass spectrometry (MS)
◉ Loss of functioning endocrine tissue may be the result of destruction
due to ____ or ______.
Answer: autoimmunity or neoplasia
◉ Typically, ______ is associated with hypofunction of the gland;
however, in Graves' disease, hyperthyroidism occurs in the presence of
antibodies that stimulate the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
receptor.
Answer: autoimmunity
◉ The ______occupies the forebrain adjacent to the third ventricle and
is connected to the pituitary gland by the hypophyseal stalk
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
UPDATED VERSION VERIFIED A+
◉ There are3 types of hormones: (3)
Answer: endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine
◉ Classically, ______ hormones (e.g., cortisol, insulin, and prolactin)
are those messengers transported in the blood to a target distant from the
site of secretion, whereas _______ hormones (e.g., neurotransmitters
and growth factors) exert their action locally at the site of secretion.
Answer: endocrine
paracrine
◉ When hormones act on the cells of their synthetic origin, they are
described as _____ hormones (e.g., IL-2 in activated lymphocytes)
Answer: autocrine
◉ Structurally, hormones may be modified (4)
Answer: amino acids, peptides, glycoproteins, or steroids
◉ ______ are chemically among the simplest hormones. Examples
include thyroxine, which is present in plasma mostly bound to plasma
proteins and catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine,
which circulate as free hormones.
Answer: Modified amino acids
,◉ ________ hormones range in size from simple tripeptides (e.g.,
thyrotropin-releasing hormone, TRH) to complex glycoproteins (e.g.,
luteinizing hormone, LH)
Answer: Peptide
◉ _____ hormones are derived from cholesterol, are hydrophobic, and
are present in plasma principally bound to proteins, with the unbound
("free") hormone bioavailable to apply its action
Answer: Steroid
◉ Hormone systems are typically controlled by _____ mechanisms
Answer: feedback (positive vs. negative)
◉ The _____ of hormones is key to their function as controllers of
homeostasis
Answer: inactivation (degradation or clearance)
◉ Measurement of hormones in _____, _____ and ____forms part of the
assessment of hormone action and endocrine axes
Answer: blood, urine and saliva
◉ If a hormone is hard to measure in blood, it may be appropriate either
technically (e.g., due to issues with measurement or analyte stability) or
physiologically (e.g., due to rapid fluctuations in levels where a single
, time-point measurement may be misleading) to measure _____ _____
precursors or ______ _______
Answer: upstream trophic (e.g., 25-hydroxy vitamin D)
downstream metabolites (e.g., urine metanephrines).
◉ Isolated measurements of hormones that exhibit _____ rhythm, such
as cortisol and growth hormone are of limited value
Answer: circadian (fluctuate at different times of day)
◉ In the clinical laboratory, hormone levels in blood and urine are
usually measured using ____ or _____.
Answer: immunoassay or mass spectrometry (MS)
◉ Loss of functioning endocrine tissue may be the result of destruction
due to ____ or ______.
Answer: autoimmunity or neoplasia
◉ Typically, ______ is associated with hypofunction of the gland;
however, in Graves' disease, hyperthyroidism occurs in the presence of
antibodies that stimulate the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
receptor.
Answer: autoimmunity
◉ The ______occupies the forebrain adjacent to the third ventricle and
is connected to the pituitary gland by the hypophyseal stalk
