,NSG 3850 Exam 3 Pathophysiology for Nurses II Questions And
Answers 2026/2027 Galen College
Q1. Which structure is the functional unit of the kidney responsible
for filtration and urine formation?
A) Renal pelvis
B) Nephron
C) Ureter
D) Urinary bladder
Correct Answer: B) Nephron
Rationale: The nephron performs filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and
excretion and is the functional unit of the kidney.
Q2. Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for filtering
plasma?
A) Loop of Henle
B) Collecting duct
C) Distal convoluted tubule
D) Glomerulus
Correct Answer: D) Glomerulus
Rationale: The glomerulus is a capillary network where hydrostatic pressure
drives filtration of water and small solutes from the blood into Bowman's
capsule.
Q3. Which change would directly decrease glomerular filtration
rate?
A) Increased renal perfusion
B) Reduced renal blood flow
C) Increased glomerular pressure
D) Increased effective circulating volume
Correct Answer: B) Reduced renal blood flow
Rationale: Adequate renal blood flow and glomerular pressure are
necessary for filtration. Reduced perfusion decreases filtration pressure and
GFR.
Q4. Which renal cells release renin in response to reduced renal
perfusion?
, A) Podocytes
B) Macula densa cells
C) Mesangial cells
D) Juxtaglomerular cells
Correct Answer: D) Juxtaglomerular cells
Rationale: Juxtaglomerular cells respond to reduced renal perfusion and
other signals by releasing renin, initiating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system.
Q5. Which hormone promotes sodium reabsorption in the distal
nephron and increases potassium excretion?
A) Antidiuretic hormone
B) Atrial natriuretic peptide
C) Aldosterone
D) Erythropoietin
Correct Answer: C) Aldosterone
Rationale: Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium
secretion, contributing to extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte
regulation.
Q6. Which finding is most consistent with urinary stress
incontinence?
A) Leakage preceded by a sudden overwhelming urge to urinate
B) Leakage associated with increased intra-abdominal pressure
C) Continuous dribbling from urinary retention
D) Leakage caused only by infection
Correct Answer: B) Leakage associated with increased intra-abdominal
pressure
Rationale: Stress incontinence occurs when increased intra-abdominal
pressure from coughing, sneezing, lifting, or exertion overwhelms urethral
closure.
Q7. Which mechanism is most closely associated with urge
incontinence?
A) Involuntary detrusor contractions producing a sudden urge to void
B) Complete urethral obstruction
Answers 2026/2027 Galen College
Q1. Which structure is the functional unit of the kidney responsible
for filtration and urine formation?
A) Renal pelvis
B) Nephron
C) Ureter
D) Urinary bladder
Correct Answer: B) Nephron
Rationale: The nephron performs filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and
excretion and is the functional unit of the kidney.
Q2. Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for filtering
plasma?
A) Loop of Henle
B) Collecting duct
C) Distal convoluted tubule
D) Glomerulus
Correct Answer: D) Glomerulus
Rationale: The glomerulus is a capillary network where hydrostatic pressure
drives filtration of water and small solutes from the blood into Bowman's
capsule.
Q3. Which change would directly decrease glomerular filtration
rate?
A) Increased renal perfusion
B) Reduced renal blood flow
C) Increased glomerular pressure
D) Increased effective circulating volume
Correct Answer: B) Reduced renal blood flow
Rationale: Adequate renal blood flow and glomerular pressure are
necessary for filtration. Reduced perfusion decreases filtration pressure and
GFR.
Q4. Which renal cells release renin in response to reduced renal
perfusion?
, A) Podocytes
B) Macula densa cells
C) Mesangial cells
D) Juxtaglomerular cells
Correct Answer: D) Juxtaglomerular cells
Rationale: Juxtaglomerular cells respond to reduced renal perfusion and
other signals by releasing renin, initiating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system.
Q5. Which hormone promotes sodium reabsorption in the distal
nephron and increases potassium excretion?
A) Antidiuretic hormone
B) Atrial natriuretic peptide
C) Aldosterone
D) Erythropoietin
Correct Answer: C) Aldosterone
Rationale: Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium
secretion, contributing to extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte
regulation.
Q6. Which finding is most consistent with urinary stress
incontinence?
A) Leakage preceded by a sudden overwhelming urge to urinate
B) Leakage associated with increased intra-abdominal pressure
C) Continuous dribbling from urinary retention
D) Leakage caused only by infection
Correct Answer: B) Leakage associated with increased intra-abdominal
pressure
Rationale: Stress incontinence occurs when increased intra-abdominal
pressure from coughing, sneezing, lifting, or exertion overwhelms urethral
closure.
Q7. Which mechanism is most closely associated with urge
incontinence?
A) Involuntary detrusor contractions producing a sudden urge to void
B) Complete urethral obstruction
