Coasts
Coral reef conservation - in Fiji
Info 2/3 of coral are at risk
Fiji has 300 species of coral and home to 2000 species of fish e.g sharks,
tuna, shellfish
They are a natural barrier to storm waves reducing impact on land
Coral reefs provide fishing and provides a living
Coral attracts tourists and a cultural importance to them e.g they banned
fishing in certain area when’s stock have been threatened by over-fishing
Human and natural 1. Human
destruction Overfishing and anchor damage and were 5th
largest exporters of coral for aquariums, tourists
walking on coral and diving has caused damage.
Sun cream causing damage. Population of Fiji is
rapidly rising around the coast, sewage and
pollution increasing
2. Natural
Cyclones generate destructive waves that break
the coral. Cyclones also cause larger amount of
water run off from farm land that contain nitrates
and phosphates which cause the number of crown
of thrown starfish that feed on polyps to increase
Increase in sea temps cause bleaching of the reefs,
leading to death of colourful algae that live with
the polyps and leave white coral behind. Happens
during an El Niño event. Low salinity is another
cause of coral bleaching
Efforts made by Fiji 1. Many hotels and communities are using eco-tourism e.g
Hide-away resort have integrated coastal management.
The resorts is directly on the fringe of reefs and makes
visitors aware of importance (protection zones have been
make
2. Notices have been made to make people more aware
including: coal reefs are most productive ecosystem on the
planet (11% of world fish harvest). Why they are under
pressure. Saying can people make a difference
3. Coral gardens in Fiji - replacing coral seedlings to give corals
more space to grow
Efforts by Australia 1. Taronga conversation - largest cryopreservation of coral
bank - they have frozen cells and tying to genetically
modify them to promote coral growth in the future
2. Queensland’s university of technology - robots being used
to grow artificial corals
Coastal management - intervention - minehead
, Info Part of sediment cell 7
Bristol Channel has one of the largest tidal ranges in the world
up to 12m
Longshore drift in north-west Atlantic drives a net eastward
longshore drift along the coast which transports sediment to
Minehead beach
Key figures Population = 11,800
Coastal defence cost vs potential damage without defence =
£12.3m vs £21m
Tourism economy = 10s of million a year
Butlins Minehead resort is largest employer and economic
driver:
£60m to local economy, supports over 1,000 jobs direction
and indirectly in west Somerset, attracts 400,000 to 500,000
visitors a year
Hold the line Sea wall = 0.6 curved sea wall to reflect wave energy, runs 1km along the
approach landscape. Can protect up to 10-12m tidal range
Rock groynes = 4 large groynes approx 60-80m into the sea, built from granite
and limestone and traps sediment transported by LSD
Rock armour (rip-rap) = over 13,500 tonnes of Scottish granite were delivered
by the sea to strengthen the beach to absorb and dissipate wave energy
Beach nourishment = 320,000 tonnes of sand were transported and used to
replenish mine head beach during phase 2, £2.4m sea defence project raised
the beach by 2m - helped reduce pressure on sea wall and groynes
Coastal management - do nothing - porlock
Info Shingle beach of 4-5km long with a salt marsh behind 186ha in
total
1996 = the breach event where a hurricane caused failure in the
ridge the barrier moved 90m landward
Since breach = salt-marsh has rapidly expanded but has caused
plant and animal species to fall from 51 to 32. But future these
numbers will increase back to normal or increase further
Reason for Economic, environmental and geomorphological factors
do nothing 1. The cost of offshore breakwater, rip-rap, beach nourishment would cost
over £25m to set up. Land lost would only cost £8,1000 per year of
flooding. Cost benefit
2. Porlock is a Site of Specific Scientific Interest because of the salt-marsh and
shingle beach and environmental organisations have supported letting the
ridge reach a natural equilibrium
3. Limited infrastructure at risk with population being 1200 in porlock and 30
properties in porlock weir
Coral reef conservation - in Fiji
Info 2/3 of coral are at risk
Fiji has 300 species of coral and home to 2000 species of fish e.g sharks,
tuna, shellfish
They are a natural barrier to storm waves reducing impact on land
Coral reefs provide fishing and provides a living
Coral attracts tourists and a cultural importance to them e.g they banned
fishing in certain area when’s stock have been threatened by over-fishing
Human and natural 1. Human
destruction Overfishing and anchor damage and were 5th
largest exporters of coral for aquariums, tourists
walking on coral and diving has caused damage.
Sun cream causing damage. Population of Fiji is
rapidly rising around the coast, sewage and
pollution increasing
2. Natural
Cyclones generate destructive waves that break
the coral. Cyclones also cause larger amount of
water run off from farm land that contain nitrates
and phosphates which cause the number of crown
of thrown starfish that feed on polyps to increase
Increase in sea temps cause bleaching of the reefs,
leading to death of colourful algae that live with
the polyps and leave white coral behind. Happens
during an El Niño event. Low salinity is another
cause of coral bleaching
Efforts made by Fiji 1. Many hotels and communities are using eco-tourism e.g
Hide-away resort have integrated coastal management.
The resorts is directly on the fringe of reefs and makes
visitors aware of importance (protection zones have been
make
2. Notices have been made to make people more aware
including: coal reefs are most productive ecosystem on the
planet (11% of world fish harvest). Why they are under
pressure. Saying can people make a difference
3. Coral gardens in Fiji - replacing coral seedlings to give corals
more space to grow
Efforts by Australia 1. Taronga conversation - largest cryopreservation of coral
bank - they have frozen cells and tying to genetically
modify them to promote coral growth in the future
2. Queensland’s university of technology - robots being used
to grow artificial corals
Coastal management - intervention - minehead
, Info Part of sediment cell 7
Bristol Channel has one of the largest tidal ranges in the world
up to 12m
Longshore drift in north-west Atlantic drives a net eastward
longshore drift along the coast which transports sediment to
Minehead beach
Key figures Population = 11,800
Coastal defence cost vs potential damage without defence =
£12.3m vs £21m
Tourism economy = 10s of million a year
Butlins Minehead resort is largest employer and economic
driver:
£60m to local economy, supports over 1,000 jobs direction
and indirectly in west Somerset, attracts 400,000 to 500,000
visitors a year
Hold the line Sea wall = 0.6 curved sea wall to reflect wave energy, runs 1km along the
approach landscape. Can protect up to 10-12m tidal range
Rock groynes = 4 large groynes approx 60-80m into the sea, built from granite
and limestone and traps sediment transported by LSD
Rock armour (rip-rap) = over 13,500 tonnes of Scottish granite were delivered
by the sea to strengthen the beach to absorb and dissipate wave energy
Beach nourishment = 320,000 tonnes of sand were transported and used to
replenish mine head beach during phase 2, £2.4m sea defence project raised
the beach by 2m - helped reduce pressure on sea wall and groynes
Coastal management - do nothing - porlock
Info Shingle beach of 4-5km long with a salt marsh behind 186ha in
total
1996 = the breach event where a hurricane caused failure in the
ridge the barrier moved 90m landward
Since breach = salt-marsh has rapidly expanded but has caused
plant and animal species to fall from 51 to 32. But future these
numbers will increase back to normal or increase further
Reason for Economic, environmental and geomorphological factors
do nothing 1. The cost of offshore breakwater, rip-rap, beach nourishment would cost
over £25m to set up. Land lost would only cost £8,1000 per year of
flooding. Cost benefit
2. Porlock is a Site of Specific Scientific Interest because of the salt-marsh and
shingle beach and environmental organisations have supported letting the
ridge reach a natural equilibrium
3. Limited infrastructure at risk with population being 1200 in porlock and 30
properties in porlock weir
