EXAM 2026|2027 ACTUAL COMPLETE REAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY
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Dermatomes -ANSWERS-area of the skin that is mainly supplied by
branches of a single spinal sensory nerve root. These spinal sensory
nerves enter the nerve root at the spinal cord, and their branches reach
to the periphery of the body.
Substance release at the synapse -ANSWERS-Acetylcholine- Excitatory
or inhibitory- alzheimers
Physiologic response to anemia -ANSWERS-- Compensation for reduced
blood volume causes interstitial fluid to move intravascularly (inc.
plasma volume, dec. viscosity) causing hyperdynamic circulatory state
(inc SV/HR/cardiac dilation and heart valve insufficiency).
-Inc rate and depth of breathing, dizziness, fatigue, heart failure,
Folate Deficiency Anemia -ANSWERS-People at risk: Pregnant/ lactating,
alcoholics, chronic malnourishment,
,Labs for Iron def. anemia -ANSWERS-- Low- HGB/Hct/ mcv/plasma
iron/ferritin, transferrin
- High- Total iron binding capacity/free erythrocyte protoporphyrin
-Normal- reticulocyte count/B12, Folate, Bili
sickle cell anemia -ANSWERS-a genetic disorder that causes abnormal
hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal
sickle shape
-Chronic hemolysis, microvascular occlusions, and tissue damage, vaso
occlusive crisis
-abnormal or absent splenic function
Cause of aplastic anemia -ANSWERS-Failure of bone marrow to produce
mature cells causing pancytopenia (reduction of all 3 blood cell types)
- Idiopathic, acquired stem cell defects, immune mediated
- whole-body irradiation, viral infections, hepatitis, CMV, epstein-barr
virus, herpes zoster, inherited
-Chemica: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, benzene,
chloramphenicol, arsenicals, carbamazepine, gold salts
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia -ANSWERS-1) Warm reactive antibody
type- IgG binds optimally to erythrocytes at a normal body
temperature.
2) Cold agglutinin type- IgM antibodies optimally bind to erythrocytes
at colder temps (lower than 31 deg. Celsius). Recognized by phagocytes
, in the liver and spleen. Fingers, toes, ears, may have obstructed blood
flow
3) Cold hemolysin type- Hemoglobinuria
Acquired disorders caused by autoantibodies or complement or both,
on RBCs against antigens normally on the surface of erythrocytes.
Secondary Polycythemia -ANSWERS--physiologic response from
increased erythropoietin secretion in response to chronic hypoxia.
-Noted in people living in high altitudes, smokers, COPD, CHF
-Abnormal hgb
Anemia of chronic renal failure -ANSWERS-- Kidney damage affects
secretion of erythropoietin, diminishes bone marrow erythropoiesis.
- Uremic toxins that increase in the blood d/t renal failure may suppress
bone marrow function and damage erythrocytes
- Platelet dysfunction (bleeding)
- loss of erythrocytes
Hypovolemic shock -ANSWERS-Loss of whole blood (hemorrhage),
plasma (burns), or interstitial fluid (sweat, DM, DI, emesis, diuresis) in
large amounts.
-When intravascular volume decreases by 15%