UC Berkeley CogSci 1 Midterm Summer
|Exam Questions And Answers
what are the two types of brain damage techniques? - ANSWER -lesion studies and case study
method
Angiography - ANSWER -useful in detecting certain disorders associated with abnormalities in
the arteries of the brain.
CT scan - ANSWER -a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined
by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body, non invasive, average
temporal resolution, low spatial resolution
CAT scan - ANSWER -a method of creating static images of the brain through computerized
axial tomography. we can deblur the original axial tomographic image and reconstruct a
complete image from multiple views provided by a rotating beam. It is used to image bone liver
and brain.
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) - ANSWER -a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio
waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.
Cannot be performed if one has metal present in the body. Clearer than a CAT scan. Allows
researcher to see white matter, gray matter, and cerebrospinal fluid as well.
DTI (diffusion tensor imaging) - ANSWER -an imaging method that uses a modified MRI
scanner to reveal bundles of myelinated axons (white matter) in the living human brain
EEG (electroencephalogram) /ERP - ANSWER -uses electroencephalography to record
electrical activity of the brain during cognitive processing can detect rapid change in neural
activity. Non-invasive and can be used on people who are fully conscious. An amplified
recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves
are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. good temporal resolution, average spatial
resolution;
MEG (magnetoencephalography) - ANSWER -a brain imaging technique that measures
magnetic fields from the brain's natural electrical activity
TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) - ANSWER -the use of strong magnets to briefly
interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study brain regions, can help determine function of a
specific region. It is non invasive, has high temporal resolution, but only average spatial
resolution
TDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation) - ANSWER -is a form of neurostimulation which
uses constant, low current delivered to the brain area of interest via electrodes on the scalp. It
was originally developed to help patients with brain injuries such as strokes
, PET (positron emission tomography) scan - ANSWER -a method of examining cerebral blood
flow while a subject is carrying out a certain cognitive task. It makes uses of radioactive isotopes
called positrons which are injected into the blood stream and carried to the brain. Image is
slightly blurry. Non-invasive, low temporal resolution, and high spatial resolution.
SPECT scan (single-photon emission computerized tomography) - ANSWER -same as PET but
a photon is injected into the bloodstream instead of a positron. allows investigation to lock in
brain activity state at the time the labeled substance is introduced into the body. Possible to
discover the location of activity in the brain when a certain subject is engaged in a particular
mental exercise
fMRI (functional MRI) - ANSWER -Similar to an MRI but provides mapping of both function
and structure. It detects changes in the magnetic state of blood and depends on the amount of
oxygen in the blood. Low invasiveness, low temporal resolution, and high spatial resolution
fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy) - ANSWER -allows neuroimaging of brain
activation by tracking blood flow via changes in hemoglobin
temporal resolution - ANSWER -A term that refers to how small a unit of time can be
measured; high temporal resolution means capable of resolving very small units of time; in
neuroscience it describes how precisely in time a process can be measured in the brain. The
accuracy with which one can measure when an event is occurring
spatial resolution - ANSWER -A term that refers to how small the elements of an image are;
high spatial resolution means the device or technique can resolve very small elements; in
neuroscience it describes how small of a structure in the brain can be imaged.
invasiveness - ANSWER -whether or not the equipment is located internally or externally
David Marr - ANSWER -created a model for vision and contributed to vision science
brain-machine interface - ANSWER -a system that detects, generates, and/or modifies ongoing
neural activity in the brain to accomplish some task
where is memory located? - ANSWER -short term memory is located in the cerebral cortex,
long term memory is scattered throughout the brain
Karl Lashley - ANSWER -He was an American psychologist and behaviorist well-remembered
for his influential contributions to the study of learning and memory. His failure to find a single
biological locus of memory in the rat's brain (or "engram", as he called it) suggested to him that
memories were not localized to one part of the brain, but were widely distributed throughout the
cerebral cortex. Many complex behaviors are products of prior planning and organization - they
are organized hierarchically vs linearly. This is not done consciously for the most part.
, synaptic plasticity - ANSWER -learning in a nervous system requires a change in the structure
or biochemistry of a synapse
Hippocampus - ANSWER -A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process
explicit memories for storage. Responsible for transfer of information from short term memory
to long term memory
damage to the hippocampus results in ? - ANSWER -anterograde amnesia, an inability to retain
new information subsequent to change
retro grade amnesia - ANSWER -much rarer than anterograde, deals with amnesia in long term
memory
having a larger hippocampus is correlated with having better... - ANSWER -spatial orientation
frontal lobe - ANSWER -Frontal lobe—reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement,
emotions, and problem solving
temporal lobe - ANSWER -Temporal lobe—associated with perception and recognition of
auditory stimuli, memory, and speech
parietal lobe - ANSWER -Parietal lobe—movement, orientation, recognition, perception of
stimuli
occipital lobe - ANSWER -visual processing center of the brain
cerebellum - ANSWER -balance and coordination
brain stem - ANSWER -breathing, heart rate, and temperature
what are the six disciplines of cognitive science? - ANSWER -philosophy, psychology,
linguistics, anthropology, neuroscience, and artificial intelligence.
Shepherd's diagram - ANSWER -Levels of organization and explanation in the nervous system
(A. Behavior (cog psych) -> B. systems and pathways (cog /behavioral neuroscience) -> C.
Centers and local circuits (systems neuroscience) -> D. neurons (cellular neuroscience) -> E.
Microcircuits -> F. synapse -> G. membranes, molecules, ions.) (E-G is molecular neuroscience)
What is the guiding idea of cognitive science? - ANSWER -mental operations involve
processing information, and hence, we can study how the mind works by studying how
information is processed.
Dualists - ANSWER -the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact
Behaviorism - ANSWER -the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2)
studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree
|Exam Questions And Answers
what are the two types of brain damage techniques? - ANSWER -lesion studies and case study
method
Angiography - ANSWER -useful in detecting certain disorders associated with abnormalities in
the arteries of the brain.
CT scan - ANSWER -a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined
by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body, non invasive, average
temporal resolution, low spatial resolution
CAT scan - ANSWER -a method of creating static images of the brain through computerized
axial tomography. we can deblur the original axial tomographic image and reconstruct a
complete image from multiple views provided by a rotating beam. It is used to image bone liver
and brain.
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) - ANSWER -a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio
waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.
Cannot be performed if one has metal present in the body. Clearer than a CAT scan. Allows
researcher to see white matter, gray matter, and cerebrospinal fluid as well.
DTI (diffusion tensor imaging) - ANSWER -an imaging method that uses a modified MRI
scanner to reveal bundles of myelinated axons (white matter) in the living human brain
EEG (electroencephalogram) /ERP - ANSWER -uses electroencephalography to record
electrical activity of the brain during cognitive processing can detect rapid change in neural
activity. Non-invasive and can be used on people who are fully conscious. An amplified
recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves
are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. good temporal resolution, average spatial
resolution;
MEG (magnetoencephalography) - ANSWER -a brain imaging technique that measures
magnetic fields from the brain's natural electrical activity
TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) - ANSWER -the use of strong magnets to briefly
interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study brain regions, can help determine function of a
specific region. It is non invasive, has high temporal resolution, but only average spatial
resolution
TDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation) - ANSWER -is a form of neurostimulation which
uses constant, low current delivered to the brain area of interest via electrodes on the scalp. It
was originally developed to help patients with brain injuries such as strokes
, PET (positron emission tomography) scan - ANSWER -a method of examining cerebral blood
flow while a subject is carrying out a certain cognitive task. It makes uses of radioactive isotopes
called positrons which are injected into the blood stream and carried to the brain. Image is
slightly blurry. Non-invasive, low temporal resolution, and high spatial resolution.
SPECT scan (single-photon emission computerized tomography) - ANSWER -same as PET but
a photon is injected into the bloodstream instead of a positron. allows investigation to lock in
brain activity state at the time the labeled substance is introduced into the body. Possible to
discover the location of activity in the brain when a certain subject is engaged in a particular
mental exercise
fMRI (functional MRI) - ANSWER -Similar to an MRI but provides mapping of both function
and structure. It detects changes in the magnetic state of blood and depends on the amount of
oxygen in the blood. Low invasiveness, low temporal resolution, and high spatial resolution
fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy) - ANSWER -allows neuroimaging of brain
activation by tracking blood flow via changes in hemoglobin
temporal resolution - ANSWER -A term that refers to how small a unit of time can be
measured; high temporal resolution means capable of resolving very small units of time; in
neuroscience it describes how precisely in time a process can be measured in the brain. The
accuracy with which one can measure when an event is occurring
spatial resolution - ANSWER -A term that refers to how small the elements of an image are;
high spatial resolution means the device or technique can resolve very small elements; in
neuroscience it describes how small of a structure in the brain can be imaged.
invasiveness - ANSWER -whether or not the equipment is located internally or externally
David Marr - ANSWER -created a model for vision and contributed to vision science
brain-machine interface - ANSWER -a system that detects, generates, and/or modifies ongoing
neural activity in the brain to accomplish some task
where is memory located? - ANSWER -short term memory is located in the cerebral cortex,
long term memory is scattered throughout the brain
Karl Lashley - ANSWER -He was an American psychologist and behaviorist well-remembered
for his influential contributions to the study of learning and memory. His failure to find a single
biological locus of memory in the rat's brain (or "engram", as he called it) suggested to him that
memories were not localized to one part of the brain, but were widely distributed throughout the
cerebral cortex. Many complex behaviors are products of prior planning and organization - they
are organized hierarchically vs linearly. This is not done consciously for the most part.
, synaptic plasticity - ANSWER -learning in a nervous system requires a change in the structure
or biochemistry of a synapse
Hippocampus - ANSWER -A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process
explicit memories for storage. Responsible for transfer of information from short term memory
to long term memory
damage to the hippocampus results in ? - ANSWER -anterograde amnesia, an inability to retain
new information subsequent to change
retro grade amnesia - ANSWER -much rarer than anterograde, deals with amnesia in long term
memory
having a larger hippocampus is correlated with having better... - ANSWER -spatial orientation
frontal lobe - ANSWER -Frontal lobe—reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement,
emotions, and problem solving
temporal lobe - ANSWER -Temporal lobe—associated with perception and recognition of
auditory stimuli, memory, and speech
parietal lobe - ANSWER -Parietal lobe—movement, orientation, recognition, perception of
stimuli
occipital lobe - ANSWER -visual processing center of the brain
cerebellum - ANSWER -balance and coordination
brain stem - ANSWER -breathing, heart rate, and temperature
what are the six disciplines of cognitive science? - ANSWER -philosophy, psychology,
linguistics, anthropology, neuroscience, and artificial intelligence.
Shepherd's diagram - ANSWER -Levels of organization and explanation in the nervous system
(A. Behavior (cog psych) -> B. systems and pathways (cog /behavioral neuroscience) -> C.
Centers and local circuits (systems neuroscience) -> D. neurons (cellular neuroscience) -> E.
Microcircuits -> F. synapse -> G. membranes, molecules, ions.) (E-G is molecular neuroscience)
What is the guiding idea of cognitive science? - ANSWER -mental operations involve
processing information, and hence, we can study how the mind works by studying how
information is processed.
Dualists - ANSWER -the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact
Behaviorism - ANSWER -the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2)
studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree
