GMS 6440 FINAL EXAM 2026/2027 | STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE QUESTIONS,
ANSWERS & EXAM REVIEW
T or F: Cardiac muscle contraction is considered to be a voluntary movement. - ANS ✔✔False
T or F: In the gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle is the major muscle type. - ANS ✔✔True
T or F: In our body, approximately 8 liters of intestinal juices are secreted into the GI tract daily, but only
100 ml of water is secreted into the feces. - ANS ✔✔True
What is the normal movement of blood through the heart? - ANS ✔✔Right atrium- right ventricle- lung-
left atrium- left ventricle
Normally, humans have _____ lobes in the left lung and _____ lobes in the right lung. - ANS ✔✔2, 3
In the lung, gas exchange occurs mostly in the _______ - ANS ✔✔Alveoli
The urinary system is composed of ____ kidneys, _____ ureters and ______ bladders. - ANS ✔✔2, 2, 2
Filtered waste from the glomerulus moves in what order, ending with the collecting duct? - ANS
✔✔Bowmans capsule- proximal tubule- loop of Henle- distal tubule- collecting duct
T or F: Both endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in controlling the activities of many
different organ systems to maintain homeostasis. - ANS ✔✔True
Specificity of hormone action in the target cells is determined by ________ - ANS ✔✔Receptors
T or F: The area of nerve axon not wrapped by myelin sheath (non-myelinated area) is called nodes of
Ranvier where action potential is insulated. - ANS ✔✔False. Nodes are non-insulated
What chemical component of the plasma membrane prevents ions from readily and freely moving across
the membrane? - ANS ✔✔Lipids
Where is the concentration of [K+] greater: - ANS ✔✔In the cytoplasm
Across a cell's plasma membrane, movement of water is _______________. - ANS ✔✔Passive through a
channel
Where is the concentration of [Na+] greater: - ANS ✔✔Outside the cell
For a neutrally charged molecule, "Active" transport means that the molecules move across a
membrane: - ANS ✔✔From areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration
What molecule is the source of energy for primary active transport to occur? - ANS ✔✔ATP
T or F: There is only one type of channel in cell membranes. - ANS ✔✔False
, In primary active transport, solutes move from an area of ______ concentration to an area of ________
concentration. - ANS ✔✔Low, high
T or F: Regarding secondary active transport of glucose, the movement of glucose is from a compartment
of high concentration to a compartment of low concentration. - ANS ✔✔False
T or F: All transport through membrane channels is classified as "Active" transport. - ANS ✔✔False
T or F: Electrolytes are pumped and leak across cell membranes simultaneously but independently. - ANS
✔✔True
At what point in time does the electrochemical equilibrium potential exist? - ANS ✔✔At equilibrium
What is a major factor that regulates an electrolyte's electrochemical equilibrium potential across a cell
membrane? - ANS ✔✔Concentration (chemical) gradient
T or F: The electrochemical equilibrium potential for a single highly permeant ion species is controlled by
the concentration gradient. - ANS ✔✔True
Movement of a charged electrolyte is determined by the major forces of _________ plus _________
gradients. - ANS ✔✔Voltage, chemical concentration
The cellular K+ Electrochemical Equilibrium Potential is regulated by _____________ across plasma
membranes. - ANS ✔✔Concentration differences
Which of these ion choices is primarily responsible for establishing a typical cell membrane's "resting"
potential? - ANS ✔✔K+
Excessive extracellular acid (i.e., [H+] ) will raise the concentration of extracellular potassium ion
concentration. - ANS ✔✔True
Cell Membrane Potential is controlled by the ___________ as well as ___________ existing across a cell's
plasma membrane. - ANS ✔✔Relative degree of ion permeability, ion concentration gradients
Rhabdomyolysis can lead to cardiac muscle cell pathology as the result of creating a condition of
_________ (excessive ___ concentration in the plasma). - ANS ✔✔Hyperkalemia, K+
A normal lean person consists of _____ water. - ANS ✔✔~60%
Most of the sodium in the body is ______ the cells. - ANS ✔✔Outside
The __________ is the main barrier between the intracellular and extracellular fluids. - ANS ✔✔Cell
membrane
T or F: To measure the volume of the entire extracellular fluid compartment, we use a substance that
moves freely across the capillary but cannot enter the cell. - ANS ✔✔True. Ex: inulin
ANSWERS & EXAM REVIEW
T or F: Cardiac muscle contraction is considered to be a voluntary movement. - ANS ✔✔False
T or F: In the gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle is the major muscle type. - ANS ✔✔True
T or F: In our body, approximately 8 liters of intestinal juices are secreted into the GI tract daily, but only
100 ml of water is secreted into the feces. - ANS ✔✔True
What is the normal movement of blood through the heart? - ANS ✔✔Right atrium- right ventricle- lung-
left atrium- left ventricle
Normally, humans have _____ lobes in the left lung and _____ lobes in the right lung. - ANS ✔✔2, 3
In the lung, gas exchange occurs mostly in the _______ - ANS ✔✔Alveoli
The urinary system is composed of ____ kidneys, _____ ureters and ______ bladders. - ANS ✔✔2, 2, 2
Filtered waste from the glomerulus moves in what order, ending with the collecting duct? - ANS
✔✔Bowmans capsule- proximal tubule- loop of Henle- distal tubule- collecting duct
T or F: Both endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in controlling the activities of many
different organ systems to maintain homeostasis. - ANS ✔✔True
Specificity of hormone action in the target cells is determined by ________ - ANS ✔✔Receptors
T or F: The area of nerve axon not wrapped by myelin sheath (non-myelinated area) is called nodes of
Ranvier where action potential is insulated. - ANS ✔✔False. Nodes are non-insulated
What chemical component of the plasma membrane prevents ions from readily and freely moving across
the membrane? - ANS ✔✔Lipids
Where is the concentration of [K+] greater: - ANS ✔✔In the cytoplasm
Across a cell's plasma membrane, movement of water is _______________. - ANS ✔✔Passive through a
channel
Where is the concentration of [Na+] greater: - ANS ✔✔Outside the cell
For a neutrally charged molecule, "Active" transport means that the molecules move across a
membrane: - ANS ✔✔From areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration
What molecule is the source of energy for primary active transport to occur? - ANS ✔✔ATP
T or F: There is only one type of channel in cell membranes. - ANS ✔✔False
, In primary active transport, solutes move from an area of ______ concentration to an area of ________
concentration. - ANS ✔✔Low, high
T or F: Regarding secondary active transport of glucose, the movement of glucose is from a compartment
of high concentration to a compartment of low concentration. - ANS ✔✔False
T or F: All transport through membrane channels is classified as "Active" transport. - ANS ✔✔False
T or F: Electrolytes are pumped and leak across cell membranes simultaneously but independently. - ANS
✔✔True
At what point in time does the electrochemical equilibrium potential exist? - ANS ✔✔At equilibrium
What is a major factor that regulates an electrolyte's electrochemical equilibrium potential across a cell
membrane? - ANS ✔✔Concentration (chemical) gradient
T or F: The electrochemical equilibrium potential for a single highly permeant ion species is controlled by
the concentration gradient. - ANS ✔✔True
Movement of a charged electrolyte is determined by the major forces of _________ plus _________
gradients. - ANS ✔✔Voltage, chemical concentration
The cellular K+ Electrochemical Equilibrium Potential is regulated by _____________ across plasma
membranes. - ANS ✔✔Concentration differences
Which of these ion choices is primarily responsible for establishing a typical cell membrane's "resting"
potential? - ANS ✔✔K+
Excessive extracellular acid (i.e., [H+] ) will raise the concentration of extracellular potassium ion
concentration. - ANS ✔✔True
Cell Membrane Potential is controlled by the ___________ as well as ___________ existing across a cell's
plasma membrane. - ANS ✔✔Relative degree of ion permeability, ion concentration gradients
Rhabdomyolysis can lead to cardiac muscle cell pathology as the result of creating a condition of
_________ (excessive ___ concentration in the plasma). - ANS ✔✔Hyperkalemia, K+
A normal lean person consists of _____ water. - ANS ✔✔~60%
Most of the sodium in the body is ______ the cells. - ANS ✔✔Outside
The __________ is the main barrier between the intracellular and extracellular fluids. - ANS ✔✔Cell
membrane
T or F: To measure the volume of the entire extracellular fluid compartment, we use a substance that
moves freely across the capillary but cannot enter the cell. - ANS ✔✔True. Ex: inulin
