PSYC 2081 Final Exam (UNSW) Questions and
Answers
1. acquisition
2. consolidation
3. retrieval/expression - ANSWER-3 stages of memory formation
1. awareness of learning is retrospective
2. sensitivity criterion
3. information criterion - ANSWER-problems with establishing implicit learning
1. B process (distress) increases over time
2. fail to produce A state (reward) - ANSWER-2 steps of opponent process theory
method
1. bind to and deactivate dopamine transporter
2. cause dopamine release from terminals
3. bind to a activate dopamine receptors - ANSWER-mechanisms of amphetamines
1. bind to opioid receptors which INDIRECTLY excites VTA dopamine neurons -
ANSWER-mechanism of opiates (heroin)
1. binds to, and deactivates, the dopamine transporter ONLY which blocks
dopamine reuptake = more dopamine in synapse - ANSWER-mechanism of cocaine
1. blocking of memory of cue-outcome pairings - ANSWER-Feature(s) of link-based
account of associative learning (rescorla-wagner)
1. change in context
2. passing of time (spontaneous recovery) - ANSWER-problems with cue-exposure
therapy as extinction
1. change in taste processing
2. changes in motor movements (chewing, swallowing)
3. alterations in learning and attention via dopamine interactions
4. alterations in digestion via projections to spinal cord - ANSWER-4 mechanisms
that lateral hypothalamus elicits feeding
1. context can be processed as independent set of features
2. unique representation of a context can be formed, where all other features are
bound together - ANSWER-2 central assumptions of Dual-process theory of the
hippocampus
,1. contingency (causal relationship)
2. goal (depend on value attributed to their consequence) - ANSWER-2
characteristics of goal-directed actions
1. decreased leptin in circulation
2. increased NPY production in arcuate nucleus
3. cells project to other parts of hypothalamus and release NPY
4. increased NPY causes increased meal size and decreased metabolism
5. results in weight gain - ANSWER-5 step process showing how decreased levels of
leptin causes weight gain (could work the other way too)
1. detection
2. evaluation
3. action
4. re-evaluation - ANSWER-4 steps required for goal-directed learning
1. engram is a persistent change in brain that results from specific events
2. engram may be displayed behaviorally when encountering retrieval cues
3. content of engram matches context of learning experience and predicts what is
retrieved
4. engram may be dormant outside of encoding and retrieval - ANSWER-4
characteristics of an engram
1. exposure to drug
2. exposure to drug-associated CS
3. exposure to stressors - ANSWER-3 classes of triggers for relapse
1. increase in insulin
2. larger percent of meal stored as fat
3. overeat because energy is stored as fat, so not much left for other uses -
ANSWER-3 reasons ventromedial hypothalamus is stop center for feeding
1. innate and immediate
2. irreversible
3. develops in brief "critical period" - ANSWER-3 distinguishing features Lorenz
describes as separating imprinting from learning
1. Nervous system
2. Evidence of learning and memory - ANSWER-Romanes 2 criteria for mind:
1. restrospective revaluation
2. blocking greater with submaximal outcome - ANSWER-Feature(s) of propositional
account of associative learning
1. Sexual selection
2. Human intellect is not unique
3. Similar emotional expression across species
, 4. Human emotion is inherited - ANSWER-Darwin's 4 reasons that mental faculties
in higher animals are explained by natural selection.
1. taste molecules bind with receptor
2. alter membrane potential
3. induce action potential - ANSWER-3 step method that explains why we eat what
we eat
1. time spent with surrogate
2. response to fearful stimulus - ANSWER-two ways attachment was measured in
surrogate monkey study
3 of the following in the past 12 months (tolerance, withdrawal symptoms,
increasing doses, unsuccessful efforts to reduce intake, considerable time spent
obtaining/using substance, interference with social, occupational or recreational
activities, continuation of use despite knowledge of harm) - ANSWER-Diagnosis of
"substance dependence"
1879 - ANSWER-Year first psych lab was established
A process - ANSWER-drug euphoria in the opponent process model
aberrant salience - ANSWER-that latent inhibition is reduced in schizophrenics, so
they do not ignore irrelevant stimuli is called
acquisition - ANSWER-the prelimbic cortex (PL) is necessary for ______ of goal-
directed learning
acquisition, consolidation, expression - ANSWER-BLA is required for the _____,
____ and _____ of conditioned fear
acquisition, consolidation, expression/retrieval - ANSWER-the BLA is involved in
____ and _____, but not ____/____ of conditioned fear extinction
acquisition, expression - ANSWER-activation of the NMDA in BLA is required for
_____ but not ____ of conditioned fear
acquisition, expression - ANSWER-the BLA is required for ____ and ____ of
conditioned fear
acquisition, expression - ANSWER-the PL is necessary for ___ but not ___ of goal-
directed learning
acquisition, expression - ANSWER-the posterior dorsomedial striatum (pDMS) is
necessary for ____ and ______ of goal-directed learning
acquisition, expression/retrieval - ANSWER-extinction neurons are involved in ____
but not ____ of extinction
Answers
1. acquisition
2. consolidation
3. retrieval/expression - ANSWER-3 stages of memory formation
1. awareness of learning is retrospective
2. sensitivity criterion
3. information criterion - ANSWER-problems with establishing implicit learning
1. B process (distress) increases over time
2. fail to produce A state (reward) - ANSWER-2 steps of opponent process theory
method
1. bind to and deactivate dopamine transporter
2. cause dopamine release from terminals
3. bind to a activate dopamine receptors - ANSWER-mechanisms of amphetamines
1. bind to opioid receptors which INDIRECTLY excites VTA dopamine neurons -
ANSWER-mechanism of opiates (heroin)
1. binds to, and deactivates, the dopamine transporter ONLY which blocks
dopamine reuptake = more dopamine in synapse - ANSWER-mechanism of cocaine
1. blocking of memory of cue-outcome pairings - ANSWER-Feature(s) of link-based
account of associative learning (rescorla-wagner)
1. change in context
2. passing of time (spontaneous recovery) - ANSWER-problems with cue-exposure
therapy as extinction
1. change in taste processing
2. changes in motor movements (chewing, swallowing)
3. alterations in learning and attention via dopamine interactions
4. alterations in digestion via projections to spinal cord - ANSWER-4 mechanisms
that lateral hypothalamus elicits feeding
1. context can be processed as independent set of features
2. unique representation of a context can be formed, where all other features are
bound together - ANSWER-2 central assumptions of Dual-process theory of the
hippocampus
,1. contingency (causal relationship)
2. goal (depend on value attributed to their consequence) - ANSWER-2
characteristics of goal-directed actions
1. decreased leptin in circulation
2. increased NPY production in arcuate nucleus
3. cells project to other parts of hypothalamus and release NPY
4. increased NPY causes increased meal size and decreased metabolism
5. results in weight gain - ANSWER-5 step process showing how decreased levels of
leptin causes weight gain (could work the other way too)
1. detection
2. evaluation
3. action
4. re-evaluation - ANSWER-4 steps required for goal-directed learning
1. engram is a persistent change in brain that results from specific events
2. engram may be displayed behaviorally when encountering retrieval cues
3. content of engram matches context of learning experience and predicts what is
retrieved
4. engram may be dormant outside of encoding and retrieval - ANSWER-4
characteristics of an engram
1. exposure to drug
2. exposure to drug-associated CS
3. exposure to stressors - ANSWER-3 classes of triggers for relapse
1. increase in insulin
2. larger percent of meal stored as fat
3. overeat because energy is stored as fat, so not much left for other uses -
ANSWER-3 reasons ventromedial hypothalamus is stop center for feeding
1. innate and immediate
2. irreversible
3. develops in brief "critical period" - ANSWER-3 distinguishing features Lorenz
describes as separating imprinting from learning
1. Nervous system
2. Evidence of learning and memory - ANSWER-Romanes 2 criteria for mind:
1. restrospective revaluation
2. blocking greater with submaximal outcome - ANSWER-Feature(s) of propositional
account of associative learning
1. Sexual selection
2. Human intellect is not unique
3. Similar emotional expression across species
, 4. Human emotion is inherited - ANSWER-Darwin's 4 reasons that mental faculties
in higher animals are explained by natural selection.
1. taste molecules bind with receptor
2. alter membrane potential
3. induce action potential - ANSWER-3 step method that explains why we eat what
we eat
1. time spent with surrogate
2. response to fearful stimulus - ANSWER-two ways attachment was measured in
surrogate monkey study
3 of the following in the past 12 months (tolerance, withdrawal symptoms,
increasing doses, unsuccessful efforts to reduce intake, considerable time spent
obtaining/using substance, interference with social, occupational or recreational
activities, continuation of use despite knowledge of harm) - ANSWER-Diagnosis of
"substance dependence"
1879 - ANSWER-Year first psych lab was established
A process - ANSWER-drug euphoria in the opponent process model
aberrant salience - ANSWER-that latent inhibition is reduced in schizophrenics, so
they do not ignore irrelevant stimuli is called
acquisition - ANSWER-the prelimbic cortex (PL) is necessary for ______ of goal-
directed learning
acquisition, consolidation, expression - ANSWER-BLA is required for the _____,
____ and _____ of conditioned fear
acquisition, consolidation, expression/retrieval - ANSWER-the BLA is involved in
____ and _____, but not ____/____ of conditioned fear extinction
acquisition, expression - ANSWER-activation of the NMDA in BLA is required for
_____ but not ____ of conditioned fear
acquisition, expression - ANSWER-the BLA is required for ____ and ____ of
conditioned fear
acquisition, expression - ANSWER-the PL is necessary for ___ but not ___ of goal-
directed learning
acquisition, expression - ANSWER-the posterior dorsomedial striatum (pDMS) is
necessary for ____ and ______ of goal-directed learning
acquisition, expression/retrieval - ANSWER-extinction neurons are involved in ____
but not ____ of extinction
