EDAPT PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UPDATED
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
●● The nurse practitioner (NP) is teaching adults about the leading
cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at a community
health fair. Which leading cause identified by the participants would
indicate effective teaching?
- Childhood asthma
- Urban pollution
- Occupational hazards
- Smoking
Answer: - Smoking
●● The client with COPD has (...) during expiration due to chronic (...)
processes
Increased airflow, reduced airflow, normal airflow
Inflammatory, restrictive, anatomical
Answer: - Reduced
- Inflammatory
,●● Which clinical manifestations are expected in a client with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? Select that all apply.
- Stridor on inspiration
- Barrel-shaped chest
- Shortness of breath
- Productive cough
- Hypotension
- Wheezing
Answer: - Barrel-shaped chest
- Shortness of breath
- Productive cough
- Wheezing
●● Prevalence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Answer: - According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC, 2021a), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the
fourth leading cause of death in the United States. Almost 15.7 million
Americans reported that they had been diagnosed; however, 50% of
affected adults were not aware they had COPD.
- COPD is more likely to be seen in women, individuals over 65 years of
age, American Indians/Alaska Natives, multiracial non-Hispanics, and
, individuals with less than a high school education (CDC, 2021b). Most
were current or former smokers or people with a history of asthma.
●● Pathogenesis
Answer: - The pathogenesis of emphysema and chronic bronchitis often
begins with chronic exposure to irritants that inflame the airway
epithelium and the release of inflammatory mediators from immune
cells. Elastase also increases in the body with emphysema, which speeds
up the breakdown of elastic fibers in alveoli (damaged, hyperinflated
alveoli). An alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) plays an increasing
role in the onset of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
AATD is the most common genetic risk factor for COPD.
- Smooth muscle constriction is important to limit the passage of the
irritant deeper into the respiratory tract. Secretion of mucus and release
of inflammatory chemicals are also important to help trap the irritant. In
the disease process, a transition occurs from a protective respiratory
response to a detrimental effect. This occurs with long-term exposure to
irritants, with some genetic components in emphysema, chronic
inflammation, and fibrosis.
●● Emphysema
Answer: - Alveolar macrophages and neutrophils cause an imbalance of
protease and antiprotease in the lungs (a balance between protease and
antiprotease activity is required for proper lung maintenance)
- Airway inflammation with macrophages, neutrophils, and CD8+
lymphocytes
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
●● The nurse practitioner (NP) is teaching adults about the leading
cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at a community
health fair. Which leading cause identified by the participants would
indicate effective teaching?
- Childhood asthma
- Urban pollution
- Occupational hazards
- Smoking
Answer: - Smoking
●● The client with COPD has (...) during expiration due to chronic (...)
processes
Increased airflow, reduced airflow, normal airflow
Inflammatory, restrictive, anatomical
Answer: - Reduced
- Inflammatory
,●● Which clinical manifestations are expected in a client with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? Select that all apply.
- Stridor on inspiration
- Barrel-shaped chest
- Shortness of breath
- Productive cough
- Hypotension
- Wheezing
Answer: - Barrel-shaped chest
- Shortness of breath
- Productive cough
- Wheezing
●● Prevalence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Answer: - According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC, 2021a), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the
fourth leading cause of death in the United States. Almost 15.7 million
Americans reported that they had been diagnosed; however, 50% of
affected adults were not aware they had COPD.
- COPD is more likely to be seen in women, individuals over 65 years of
age, American Indians/Alaska Natives, multiracial non-Hispanics, and
, individuals with less than a high school education (CDC, 2021b). Most
were current or former smokers or people with a history of asthma.
●● Pathogenesis
Answer: - The pathogenesis of emphysema and chronic bronchitis often
begins with chronic exposure to irritants that inflame the airway
epithelium and the release of inflammatory mediators from immune
cells. Elastase also increases in the body with emphysema, which speeds
up the breakdown of elastic fibers in alveoli (damaged, hyperinflated
alveoli). An alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) plays an increasing
role in the onset of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
AATD is the most common genetic risk factor for COPD.
- Smooth muscle constriction is important to limit the passage of the
irritant deeper into the respiratory tract. Secretion of mucus and release
of inflammatory chemicals are also important to help trap the irritant. In
the disease process, a transition occurs from a protective respiratory
response to a detrimental effect. This occurs with long-term exposure to
irritants, with some genetic components in emphysema, chronic
inflammation, and fibrosis.
●● Emphysema
Answer: - Alveolar macrophages and neutrophils cause an imbalance of
protease and antiprotease in the lungs (a balance between protease and
antiprotease activity is required for proper lung maintenance)
- Airway inflammation with macrophages, neutrophils, and CD8+
lymphocytes
