CSCC BIO 2215 2 PRACTICE
EXAMINATION 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Experiments designed by _____ suggested that living cells caused
fermentation of sugar to produce alcohol..
Answer: Pasteur
◍ Buchner showed that ground-up yeast cells were able to convert sugar to
alcohol. The components of the mixture that were responsible for this
transformation were:.
Answer: Enzymes
◍ What is innate immunity?.
Answer: - immune system you are born with- lacks specificity- has NO
memory
◍ _____ is the amount of energy gained by breaking bonds of a chemical..
Answer: Free Energy
◍ What is adaptive immunity?.
Answer: - the immune system you develop as you age- HAS specificity-
HAS memory
◍ What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?.
Answer: blood cell formation; occurs in red bone marrow
◍ -May use substrate-level phosphorylation to produce ATP-May use
oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP-utilize an electrochemical
gradient.
Answer: Chemoorganotrophs
◍ What do granulocytes do?.
, Answer: group of leukocytes that contain cytoplasmic granules filled with
digestive enzymes that kill microbes
◍ _____ used an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor.
Answer: Fermentation
◍ What are the three types of granulocytes?.
Answer: 1. Neutrophils: most abundant and important in innate immunity.2.
Eosinophils: important in expelling parasitic worms.3. Basophils: involved
in allergic reactions.
◍ Explain the 4 lines of defense..
Answer: 1). Skin: most visible layer, composed of 2 layers; the dermis and
epidermis.2). Mucus Membranes: constantly bathed in mucus to help wash
surfaces, some have mechanisms to propel microorganisms & viruses to
places where they can be destroyed.3). Antimicrobial Substances: found in
tears, saliva, blood, body tissues, phagocytes, and on mucus membranes.
Lysosomes: enzymes that degrade PTG. Peroxidase: breaks down hydrogen
peroxide to produce reactive oxygen. Lactoferrin: binds to iron to withhold
it from microbes. Defensins: antimicrobial peptides that are inserted into
microbial membranes.4). Normal Microbiota: not technically part of the
immune system, the microorganisms found living on healthy individuals,
covers binding sites, competes for nutrients.
◍ Pyruvate can be metabolized along two major routes. They are:.
Answer: 1. Fermentation2. Respiration
◍ Which physical barrier is the hardest to penetrate?.
Answer: skin
◍ What are cytokines?.
Answer: proteins that function as chemical messengers, allowing cells
involved in host defenses to communicate
◍ What are surface receptors?.
Answer: proteins that are "eyes & ears" of the cell; membrane proteins to
which signal molecules bind to. very specific
, ◍ How are cytokines & surface receptors involved in cell signaling?.
Answer: cytokines are the chemical messengers that transmit signals to the
cell interior and induces changes in cellular activitiessurface receptors use
cytokines as ligands, and when the ligands binds, the receptor becomes
modified and sends a signal to the cell
◍ What are sensor systems and why are they important?.
Answer: sensor systems are systems within blood that detect signs of tissue
damage or microbial invasionimportant for responding to
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), directly destroy the
invading microbe and recruit other host defenses
◍ What do toll-like receptors do?.
Answer: allow cells to "see" molecules signifying the presence of microbes
OUTSIDE of the cell
◍ Enzymes speed up reactions by:.
Answer: lowering activation energy
◍ What do NOD proteins do?.
Answer: allow cells to "see" molecules signifying the presence if microbes
INSIDE of the cell interior
◍ What are the 5 second layers of defense?.
Answer: 1). Phagocytosis: specialized cells that engulf and destroy microbes
and cellular debris2). Interferon: involved against viral replication, bind to
cell surfaces and induce changes in genetic expression, can inhibit cancer
genes and have tumor suppression effects3). Inflammation: occurs in
response to tissue damage or microbial invasion, mobilize and attract
immune components to the site of injury, uses mechanisms to repair tissue
damage while also clearing and localizing harmful substances 4).
Complement System: series of proteins circulating in blood fluids, activated
by cytokines and group together to help out5). Fever: strongest indicator of
infection, important host defense mechanism, inhibits growth of pathogens
by elevating temperature above maximum growth temperature, and by
EXAMINATION 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Experiments designed by _____ suggested that living cells caused
fermentation of sugar to produce alcohol..
Answer: Pasteur
◍ Buchner showed that ground-up yeast cells were able to convert sugar to
alcohol. The components of the mixture that were responsible for this
transformation were:.
Answer: Enzymes
◍ What is innate immunity?.
Answer: - immune system you are born with- lacks specificity- has NO
memory
◍ _____ is the amount of energy gained by breaking bonds of a chemical..
Answer: Free Energy
◍ What is adaptive immunity?.
Answer: - the immune system you develop as you age- HAS specificity-
HAS memory
◍ What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?.
Answer: blood cell formation; occurs in red bone marrow
◍ -May use substrate-level phosphorylation to produce ATP-May use
oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP-utilize an electrochemical
gradient.
Answer: Chemoorganotrophs
◍ What do granulocytes do?.
, Answer: group of leukocytes that contain cytoplasmic granules filled with
digestive enzymes that kill microbes
◍ _____ used an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor.
Answer: Fermentation
◍ What are the three types of granulocytes?.
Answer: 1. Neutrophils: most abundant and important in innate immunity.2.
Eosinophils: important in expelling parasitic worms.3. Basophils: involved
in allergic reactions.
◍ Explain the 4 lines of defense..
Answer: 1). Skin: most visible layer, composed of 2 layers; the dermis and
epidermis.2). Mucus Membranes: constantly bathed in mucus to help wash
surfaces, some have mechanisms to propel microorganisms & viruses to
places where they can be destroyed.3). Antimicrobial Substances: found in
tears, saliva, blood, body tissues, phagocytes, and on mucus membranes.
Lysosomes: enzymes that degrade PTG. Peroxidase: breaks down hydrogen
peroxide to produce reactive oxygen. Lactoferrin: binds to iron to withhold
it from microbes. Defensins: antimicrobial peptides that are inserted into
microbial membranes.4). Normal Microbiota: not technically part of the
immune system, the microorganisms found living on healthy individuals,
covers binding sites, competes for nutrients.
◍ Pyruvate can be metabolized along two major routes. They are:.
Answer: 1. Fermentation2. Respiration
◍ Which physical barrier is the hardest to penetrate?.
Answer: skin
◍ What are cytokines?.
Answer: proteins that function as chemical messengers, allowing cells
involved in host defenses to communicate
◍ What are surface receptors?.
Answer: proteins that are "eyes & ears" of the cell; membrane proteins to
which signal molecules bind to. very specific
, ◍ How are cytokines & surface receptors involved in cell signaling?.
Answer: cytokines are the chemical messengers that transmit signals to the
cell interior and induces changes in cellular activitiessurface receptors use
cytokines as ligands, and when the ligands binds, the receptor becomes
modified and sends a signal to the cell
◍ What are sensor systems and why are they important?.
Answer: sensor systems are systems within blood that detect signs of tissue
damage or microbial invasionimportant for responding to
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), directly destroy the
invading microbe and recruit other host defenses
◍ What do toll-like receptors do?.
Answer: allow cells to "see" molecules signifying the presence of microbes
OUTSIDE of the cell
◍ Enzymes speed up reactions by:.
Answer: lowering activation energy
◍ What do NOD proteins do?.
Answer: allow cells to "see" molecules signifying the presence if microbes
INSIDE of the cell interior
◍ What are the 5 second layers of defense?.
Answer: 1). Phagocytosis: specialized cells that engulf and destroy microbes
and cellular debris2). Interferon: involved against viral replication, bind to
cell surfaces and induce changes in genetic expression, can inhibit cancer
genes and have tumor suppression effects3). Inflammation: occurs in
response to tissue damage or microbial invasion, mobilize and attract
immune components to the site of injury, uses mechanisms to repair tissue
damage while also clearing and localizing harmful substances 4).
Complement System: series of proteins circulating in blood fluids, activated
by cytokines and group together to help out5). Fever: strongest indicator of
infection, important host defense mechanism, inhibits growth of pathogens
by elevating temperature above maximum growth temperature, and by
