15
Infection
Jeffrey Kwong
http://evolve.elsevier.com/Lewis/medsurg/
CONCEPTUAL FOCUS
Adherence Infection
Coping Inflammation
Functional Ability Nutrition
Immunity
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Discuss principles of epidemiology related to infectious 6. Describe methods used to diagnose and monitor HIV
disease. infection.
2. Describe the impact of emerging and reemerging 7. Discuss the role of HIV antiretroviral therapy.
infections on health care. 8. Summarize the characteristics of opportunistic diseases
3. Identify interventions to reduce health care–associated associated with AIDS.
infections. 9. Describe the potential complications of long-term
4. Evaluate methods health care workers can take to protect treatment of HIV infection.
themselves from infection. 10. Describe the nursing management of patients with HIV
5. Describe the manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and and those at-risk for HIV infection.
prevention options for COVID-19.
KEY TERMS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) postexposure prophylaxis (PEP)
emerging infection preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
epidemiology prevalence
health care–associated infections (HAIs) SARS-CoV-2
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) standard precautions
incidence transmission-based precautions
nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis (nPEP) viral load
opportunistic diseases viral vector vaccines
personal protective equipment (PPE) window period
This chapter presents a brief overview of the concept of emerg- causes disease, usually causing harm to the host. The signs and
ing and health care–associated infections (HAIs). This includes symptoms of infection are a result of specific pathogen activity,
identifying persons most at risk, recognizing signs and symp- which triggers inflammation and other immune responses.
toms of infection, and understanding ways to treat or manage We categorize infections as localized, disseminated, or sys-
infection. Infection, immunity, and inflammation are closely temic. A localized infection is limited to a small area. A dis-
related. The chapter closes with a discussion of human immu- seminated infection has spread to areas of the body beyond the
nodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. initial site of infection. Systemic infections have spread exten-
sively throughout the body, often via the blood.
INFECTIONS
Infections, such as pneumonia, COVID-19, malaria, HIV, and
EPIDEMIOLOGY CONCEPTS
tuberculosis (TB), are responsible for a significant number of Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants
deaths worldwide. Infection occurs when a pathogen (a micro- of health conditions, such as infections or diseases.1 Important
organism that causes disease) invades the body, multiplies, and concepts include incidence and prevalence. Incidence is the
237
,238 SECTION 3 Problems Related to Homeostasis and Protection
number of new cases of a health-related issue or problem that TABLE 15.1 Disease-Causing Bacteria
occur during a specific time period. For example, the annual
Bacteria Diseases Caused
incidence of new HIV cases in the United States is around
36,400 cases per year. This means that each year, about 36,400 Chlamydia trachomatis Chlamydia, lymphogranuloma venereum
Clostridia
people are diagnosed with HIV. Prevalence is the total num-
• Clostridium botulinum Food poisoning with progressive muscle
ber of people who have a specific health-related issue, problem,
paralysis
disease, or illness at any given time. For example, in the United • Clostridium tetani Tetanus (lockjaw)
States, we think the prevalence, or the total number of people Corynebacterium diphtheriae Diphtheria
living with HIV, is 1.2 million. Escherichia coli UTIs, peritonitis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Endemic is a term that describes the baseline level of disease Haemophilus
in a particular area. Epidemic refers to a rise or increase of a • Haemophilus influenzae Nasopharyngitis, meningitis, pneumonia
disease or condition within a certain community or area. For • Haemophilus pertussis Pertussis (whooping cough)
example, the 2014 whooping cough outbreak is an example of Helicobacter pylori Peptic ulcers, gastritis
an epidemic. Pandemic is a type of epidemic that has signifi- Klebsiella-Enterobacter UTIs, peritonitis, pneumonia
cant geographic spread and affects entire countries or the world. organisms
Legionella pneumophila Pneumonia (Legionnaires disease)
COVID-19 in 2020 is an example of a pandemic.
Mycobacteria
• Mycobacterium leprae Hansen disease (leprosy)
TYPES OF PATHOGENS • Mycobacterium tuberculosis TB
Neisseriae
A pathogen is an agent that causes disease. Bacteria, viruses, • Neisseria gonorrhoeae Gonorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease, proctitis
fungi, protozoa, and prions are all types of pathogens. Bacteria • Neisseria meningitidis Meningococcemia, meningitis
are one-celled organisms that are common throughout nature. Proteus species UTIs, peritonitis
Many bacteria are normal flora. They live harmoniously in or on Pseudomonas aeruginosa UTIs, meningitis
the human body without causing disease under normal circum- Salmonella
stances. Normal flora protect the human body by preventing the • Salmonella typhi Typhoid fever
overgrowth of other microorganisms. For example, Escherichia • Other Salmonella organisms Food poisoning, gastroenteritis
Shigella Shigellosis; diarrhea, abdominal pain, and
coli is part of the normal flora in the large intestine.
fever (dysentery)
Bacteria cause disease in 2 ways: by entering the body and Staphylococcus aureus Skin infections, pneumonia, UTIs, acute
growing inside human cells (e.g., TB) or by secreting toxins that osteomyelitis, toxic shock syndrome
damage cells (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus). Bacteria are classified Streptococci
based on the shape of their cells. Cocci, such as streptococci and • Streptococcus faecalis Genitourinary infection, surgical wound
staphylococci, are round. Bacilli are rod shaped and include tet- infections
anus and TB. Curved rods include Vibrio bacteria, one of which • Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumococcal pneumonia
causes cholera. Spirochetes are spiral shaped. They include the • Streptococcus pyogenes Pharyngitis, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever,
organisms that cause leprosy and syphilis. Table 15.1 lists com- (group A β-hemolytic acute glomerulonephritis, erysipelas,
mon bacteria that cause disease. streptococci) pneumonia
Viruses, unlike bacteria, do not have a cellular structure. They • S. pyogenes (group B UTIs
β-hemolytic streptococci)
are simple infectious particles that consist of a small amount of
• Streptococcus viridans Bacterial endocarditis
genetic material (either ribonucleic acid [RNA] or deoxyribo- Treponema pallidum Syphilis
nucleic acid [DNA]) and a protein envelope. Viruses can repro-
duce only after releasing their genetic material into the cell of
another living organism. Table 15.2 shows some diseases that cause amoebic dysentery and giardiasis. A sporozoan called
are caused by viruses. Plasmodium malariae causes malaria.
Fungi are organisms similar to plants, but they lack chlo- Prions are infectious particles that have abnormally shaped
rophyll. Mycosis is any disease caused by a fungus. Pathogenic proteins. Not all prions cause disease. Those that do often affect
fungi cause infections that are usually local. Tinea pedis (athlete’s the nervous system. They can cause a group of illnesses called
foot) and tinea corporis (ringworm) are two common exam- transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Examples
ples. Systemic infections occur much less often but are much of TSEs are Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and bovine spongiform
more dangerous. This can happen in an immunocompromised encephalopathy in cattle (mad cow disease).
person. Some fungi are normal flora in the body, but when over-
growth occurs, disease can result. For example, overgrowth of SPECIFIC TYPES OF INFECTIONS
Candida albicans can cause candidiasis in the mouth (thrush),
esophagus, intestines, and vagina. Table 15.3 lists other fungi Emerging Infections
and the infections they cause. An emerging infection is an infectious disease that has recently
Protozoa are single-cell, animal-like microorganisms. increased in incidence or that threatens to increase in the
Protozoa normally live in soil and bodies of water. If they immediate future.2 They can originate from unknown sources,
enter the body, they can cause infection. Protozoal parasites from contact with animals, changes in known diseases, or
, CHAPTER 15 Infection 239
TABLE 15.2 Disease-Causing Viruses biologic warfare. Table 15.4 lists examples of emerging infec-
tions. COVID-19 (caused by SARS-CoV-2) and Ebola virus are
Virus Diseases Caused
examples. Other emerging infections occur when a previously
Adenoviruses Upper respiratory tract infection (URI), treatable organism develops resistance to antibiotics, such as
pneumonia
carbapenum-resistant enterobacteriaceae (CRE).
Arbovirus Syndrome of fever, malaise, headache,
Studies in zoonosis (science of transmission of diseases from
myalgia; aseptic meningitis; encephalitis
Coronavirus Respiratory tract infection
animals to humans) have shown that many infectious diseases
• SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 come from animal and insect vectors. Rabies, Lyme disease,
• SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) West Nile, Ebola, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) are examples of zoonotic infections.
Coxsackieviruses A and B URI, gastroenteritis, acute myocarditis, aseptic Ebola virus has been an ongoing public health challenge since
meningitis we first saw it in 1976. In 2014, rates of Ebola increased signifi-
Ebola Hemorrhagic fever cantly in East Africa and the first cases of Ebola occurred in
Echoviruses URI, gastroenteritis, aseptic meningitis the United States. These first cases were from travelers or med-
Hepatitis A, B, C Viral hepatitis ical aid workers who were working in Africa. Ebola virus can
Herpesviruses
cause severe hemorrhagic fever. It is usually lethal. Treatments
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Gastroenteritis; pneumonia and retinal
are limited. The natural reservoir and path of transmission are
damage in immunosuppressed persons,
infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome
unknown, which makes it impossible to effectively combat
• Epstein-Barr Mononucleosis, Burkitt lymphoma (possibly) Ebola virus and the disease it causes.
• Herpes simplex type 1 Herpes labialis (“fever blisters”), genital West Nile virus is carried and transmitted by mosquitoes.
herpes infection Mosquitoes acquire the virus as they draw blood from infected
• Herpes simplex type 2 Genital herpes infection animals and humans. The virus does not cause illness in the
• Varicella-zoster Chickenpox, shingles mosquito. The mosquito transfers the virus to uninfected ani-
Human immunodeficiency HIV infection, AIDS mals and humans when it feeds. Bird deaths are an early warn-
virus (HIV) ing sign of a West Nile virus outbreak, which can spread quickly
Influenza A and B URI, H1N1 (swine) flu, H5N1 avian (bird) flu without prompt action.
Mumps Parotitis, orchitis in postpubertal males
Papillomavirus Genital warts, cervical and anal cancer
Parainfluenza 1-4 URI
Parvovirus Gastroenteritis
TABLE 15.4 Emerging Infections
Poliovirus Poliomyelitis Microorganism Related Disease
Pox viruses Smallpox, Molluscum contagiosum Bacteria
Reoviruses 1, 2, 3 URI Borrelia burgdorferi Lyme disease
Respiratory syncytial virus Gastroenteritis, respiratory tract infection Campylobacter jejuni Diarrhea
Rhabdovirus Rabies Escherichia coli O157:H7 Hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic-
Rhinovirus URI, pneumonia uremic syndrome
Rotaviruses Gastroenteritis Helicobacter pylori Peptic ulcer disease
Rubella German measles Legionella pneumophila Pneumonia (Legionnaires disease)
Rubeola Measles Vibrio cholerae 0139 New strain of epidemic cholera
West Nile virus Flu-like symptoms, meningitis, encephalitis
Zika virus Flu-like symptoms, fetal microcephaly Virus
Chikungunya Fever, muscle aches, rash
Ebola virus Ebola hemorrhagic fever
H1N1 H1N1 (swine) flu
TABLE 15.3 Disease-Causing Fungi
Hantavirus Hemorrhagic fever with severe
Fungi Diseases Caused Organs Affected pulmonary syndrome
Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillosis Lungsa Hepatitis C virus Parenterally transmitted hepatitis
Otomycosis Ears Hepatitis E virus Enterically transmitted hepatitis
Blastomyces Blastomycosis Lungs,a various Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HIV infection and AIDS
dermatitidis organs Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) Roseola subitum
Candida albicans Candidiasis Intestines Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) Causes Kaposi sarcoma in
Vaginitis Vagina immunosuppressed patients,
Thrush Skin,b mouth including people with HIV infection
Coccidioides immitis Coccidioidomycosis Lungsa SARS-Cov-2 COVID-19
Epidermophyton Tinea corporis Skinb West Nile virus West Nile fever
Microsporum Tinea capitis Skinb Zika virus Fever, rash, muscle aches;
Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) Lungsa microcephaly in children born to
Sporothrix schenckii Sporotrichosis Skin, lymph vessels infected mothers
Trichophyton Tinea pedis Skinb
Parasite
aSee Table 30.15: Fungal Infections of the Lungs. Cryptosporidium parvum Acute and chronic diarrhea
bSee Table 25.8, Common Fungal Infections of the Skin and Nails.
Infection
Jeffrey Kwong
http://evolve.elsevier.com/Lewis/medsurg/
CONCEPTUAL FOCUS
Adherence Infection
Coping Inflammation
Functional Ability Nutrition
Immunity
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Discuss principles of epidemiology related to infectious 6. Describe methods used to diagnose and monitor HIV
disease. infection.
2. Describe the impact of emerging and reemerging 7. Discuss the role of HIV antiretroviral therapy.
infections on health care. 8. Summarize the characteristics of opportunistic diseases
3. Identify interventions to reduce health care–associated associated with AIDS.
infections. 9. Describe the potential complications of long-term
4. Evaluate methods health care workers can take to protect treatment of HIV infection.
themselves from infection. 10. Describe the nursing management of patients with HIV
5. Describe the manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and and those at-risk for HIV infection.
prevention options for COVID-19.
KEY TERMS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) postexposure prophylaxis (PEP)
emerging infection preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
epidemiology prevalence
health care–associated infections (HAIs) SARS-CoV-2
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) standard precautions
incidence transmission-based precautions
nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis (nPEP) viral load
opportunistic diseases viral vector vaccines
personal protective equipment (PPE) window period
This chapter presents a brief overview of the concept of emerg- causes disease, usually causing harm to the host. The signs and
ing and health care–associated infections (HAIs). This includes symptoms of infection are a result of specific pathogen activity,
identifying persons most at risk, recognizing signs and symp- which triggers inflammation and other immune responses.
toms of infection, and understanding ways to treat or manage We categorize infections as localized, disseminated, or sys-
infection. Infection, immunity, and inflammation are closely temic. A localized infection is limited to a small area. A dis-
related. The chapter closes with a discussion of human immu- seminated infection has spread to areas of the body beyond the
nodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. initial site of infection. Systemic infections have spread exten-
sively throughout the body, often via the blood.
INFECTIONS
Infections, such as pneumonia, COVID-19, malaria, HIV, and
EPIDEMIOLOGY CONCEPTS
tuberculosis (TB), are responsible for a significant number of Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants
deaths worldwide. Infection occurs when a pathogen (a micro- of health conditions, such as infections or diseases.1 Important
organism that causes disease) invades the body, multiplies, and concepts include incidence and prevalence. Incidence is the
237
,238 SECTION 3 Problems Related to Homeostasis and Protection
number of new cases of a health-related issue or problem that TABLE 15.1 Disease-Causing Bacteria
occur during a specific time period. For example, the annual
Bacteria Diseases Caused
incidence of new HIV cases in the United States is around
36,400 cases per year. This means that each year, about 36,400 Chlamydia trachomatis Chlamydia, lymphogranuloma venereum
Clostridia
people are diagnosed with HIV. Prevalence is the total num-
• Clostridium botulinum Food poisoning with progressive muscle
ber of people who have a specific health-related issue, problem,
paralysis
disease, or illness at any given time. For example, in the United • Clostridium tetani Tetanus (lockjaw)
States, we think the prevalence, or the total number of people Corynebacterium diphtheriae Diphtheria
living with HIV, is 1.2 million. Escherichia coli UTIs, peritonitis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Endemic is a term that describes the baseline level of disease Haemophilus
in a particular area. Epidemic refers to a rise or increase of a • Haemophilus influenzae Nasopharyngitis, meningitis, pneumonia
disease or condition within a certain community or area. For • Haemophilus pertussis Pertussis (whooping cough)
example, the 2014 whooping cough outbreak is an example of Helicobacter pylori Peptic ulcers, gastritis
an epidemic. Pandemic is a type of epidemic that has signifi- Klebsiella-Enterobacter UTIs, peritonitis, pneumonia
cant geographic spread and affects entire countries or the world. organisms
Legionella pneumophila Pneumonia (Legionnaires disease)
COVID-19 in 2020 is an example of a pandemic.
Mycobacteria
• Mycobacterium leprae Hansen disease (leprosy)
TYPES OF PATHOGENS • Mycobacterium tuberculosis TB
Neisseriae
A pathogen is an agent that causes disease. Bacteria, viruses, • Neisseria gonorrhoeae Gonorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease, proctitis
fungi, protozoa, and prions are all types of pathogens. Bacteria • Neisseria meningitidis Meningococcemia, meningitis
are one-celled organisms that are common throughout nature. Proteus species UTIs, peritonitis
Many bacteria are normal flora. They live harmoniously in or on Pseudomonas aeruginosa UTIs, meningitis
the human body without causing disease under normal circum- Salmonella
stances. Normal flora protect the human body by preventing the • Salmonella typhi Typhoid fever
overgrowth of other microorganisms. For example, Escherichia • Other Salmonella organisms Food poisoning, gastroenteritis
Shigella Shigellosis; diarrhea, abdominal pain, and
coli is part of the normal flora in the large intestine.
fever (dysentery)
Bacteria cause disease in 2 ways: by entering the body and Staphylococcus aureus Skin infections, pneumonia, UTIs, acute
growing inside human cells (e.g., TB) or by secreting toxins that osteomyelitis, toxic shock syndrome
damage cells (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus). Bacteria are classified Streptococci
based on the shape of their cells. Cocci, such as streptococci and • Streptococcus faecalis Genitourinary infection, surgical wound
staphylococci, are round. Bacilli are rod shaped and include tet- infections
anus and TB. Curved rods include Vibrio bacteria, one of which • Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumococcal pneumonia
causes cholera. Spirochetes are spiral shaped. They include the • Streptococcus pyogenes Pharyngitis, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever,
organisms that cause leprosy and syphilis. Table 15.1 lists com- (group A β-hemolytic acute glomerulonephritis, erysipelas,
mon bacteria that cause disease. streptococci) pneumonia
Viruses, unlike bacteria, do not have a cellular structure. They • S. pyogenes (group B UTIs
β-hemolytic streptococci)
are simple infectious particles that consist of a small amount of
• Streptococcus viridans Bacterial endocarditis
genetic material (either ribonucleic acid [RNA] or deoxyribo- Treponema pallidum Syphilis
nucleic acid [DNA]) and a protein envelope. Viruses can repro-
duce only after releasing their genetic material into the cell of
another living organism. Table 15.2 shows some diseases that cause amoebic dysentery and giardiasis. A sporozoan called
are caused by viruses. Plasmodium malariae causes malaria.
Fungi are organisms similar to plants, but they lack chlo- Prions are infectious particles that have abnormally shaped
rophyll. Mycosis is any disease caused by a fungus. Pathogenic proteins. Not all prions cause disease. Those that do often affect
fungi cause infections that are usually local. Tinea pedis (athlete’s the nervous system. They can cause a group of illnesses called
foot) and tinea corporis (ringworm) are two common exam- transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Examples
ples. Systemic infections occur much less often but are much of TSEs are Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and bovine spongiform
more dangerous. This can happen in an immunocompromised encephalopathy in cattle (mad cow disease).
person. Some fungi are normal flora in the body, but when over-
growth occurs, disease can result. For example, overgrowth of SPECIFIC TYPES OF INFECTIONS
Candida albicans can cause candidiasis in the mouth (thrush),
esophagus, intestines, and vagina. Table 15.3 lists other fungi Emerging Infections
and the infections they cause. An emerging infection is an infectious disease that has recently
Protozoa are single-cell, animal-like microorganisms. increased in incidence or that threatens to increase in the
Protozoa normally live in soil and bodies of water. If they immediate future.2 They can originate from unknown sources,
enter the body, they can cause infection. Protozoal parasites from contact with animals, changes in known diseases, or
, CHAPTER 15 Infection 239
TABLE 15.2 Disease-Causing Viruses biologic warfare. Table 15.4 lists examples of emerging infec-
tions. COVID-19 (caused by SARS-CoV-2) and Ebola virus are
Virus Diseases Caused
examples. Other emerging infections occur when a previously
Adenoviruses Upper respiratory tract infection (URI), treatable organism develops resistance to antibiotics, such as
pneumonia
carbapenum-resistant enterobacteriaceae (CRE).
Arbovirus Syndrome of fever, malaise, headache,
Studies in zoonosis (science of transmission of diseases from
myalgia; aseptic meningitis; encephalitis
Coronavirus Respiratory tract infection
animals to humans) have shown that many infectious diseases
• SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 come from animal and insect vectors. Rabies, Lyme disease,
• SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) West Nile, Ebola, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) are examples of zoonotic infections.
Coxsackieviruses A and B URI, gastroenteritis, acute myocarditis, aseptic Ebola virus has been an ongoing public health challenge since
meningitis we first saw it in 1976. In 2014, rates of Ebola increased signifi-
Ebola Hemorrhagic fever cantly in East Africa and the first cases of Ebola occurred in
Echoviruses URI, gastroenteritis, aseptic meningitis the United States. These first cases were from travelers or med-
Hepatitis A, B, C Viral hepatitis ical aid workers who were working in Africa. Ebola virus can
Herpesviruses
cause severe hemorrhagic fever. It is usually lethal. Treatments
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Gastroenteritis; pneumonia and retinal
are limited. The natural reservoir and path of transmission are
damage in immunosuppressed persons,
infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome
unknown, which makes it impossible to effectively combat
• Epstein-Barr Mononucleosis, Burkitt lymphoma (possibly) Ebola virus and the disease it causes.
• Herpes simplex type 1 Herpes labialis (“fever blisters”), genital West Nile virus is carried and transmitted by mosquitoes.
herpes infection Mosquitoes acquire the virus as they draw blood from infected
• Herpes simplex type 2 Genital herpes infection animals and humans. The virus does not cause illness in the
• Varicella-zoster Chickenpox, shingles mosquito. The mosquito transfers the virus to uninfected ani-
Human immunodeficiency HIV infection, AIDS mals and humans when it feeds. Bird deaths are an early warn-
virus (HIV) ing sign of a West Nile virus outbreak, which can spread quickly
Influenza A and B URI, H1N1 (swine) flu, H5N1 avian (bird) flu without prompt action.
Mumps Parotitis, orchitis in postpubertal males
Papillomavirus Genital warts, cervical and anal cancer
Parainfluenza 1-4 URI
Parvovirus Gastroenteritis
TABLE 15.4 Emerging Infections
Poliovirus Poliomyelitis Microorganism Related Disease
Pox viruses Smallpox, Molluscum contagiosum Bacteria
Reoviruses 1, 2, 3 URI Borrelia burgdorferi Lyme disease
Respiratory syncytial virus Gastroenteritis, respiratory tract infection Campylobacter jejuni Diarrhea
Rhabdovirus Rabies Escherichia coli O157:H7 Hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic-
Rhinovirus URI, pneumonia uremic syndrome
Rotaviruses Gastroenteritis Helicobacter pylori Peptic ulcer disease
Rubella German measles Legionella pneumophila Pneumonia (Legionnaires disease)
Rubeola Measles Vibrio cholerae 0139 New strain of epidemic cholera
West Nile virus Flu-like symptoms, meningitis, encephalitis
Zika virus Flu-like symptoms, fetal microcephaly Virus
Chikungunya Fever, muscle aches, rash
Ebola virus Ebola hemorrhagic fever
H1N1 H1N1 (swine) flu
TABLE 15.3 Disease-Causing Fungi
Hantavirus Hemorrhagic fever with severe
Fungi Diseases Caused Organs Affected pulmonary syndrome
Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillosis Lungsa Hepatitis C virus Parenterally transmitted hepatitis
Otomycosis Ears Hepatitis E virus Enterically transmitted hepatitis
Blastomyces Blastomycosis Lungs,a various Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HIV infection and AIDS
dermatitidis organs Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) Roseola subitum
Candida albicans Candidiasis Intestines Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) Causes Kaposi sarcoma in
Vaginitis Vagina immunosuppressed patients,
Thrush Skin,b mouth including people with HIV infection
Coccidioides immitis Coccidioidomycosis Lungsa SARS-Cov-2 COVID-19
Epidermophyton Tinea corporis Skinb West Nile virus West Nile fever
Microsporum Tinea capitis Skinb Zika virus Fever, rash, muscle aches;
Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) Lungsa microcephaly in children born to
Sporothrix schenckii Sporotrichosis Skin, lymph vessels infected mothers
Trichophyton Tinea pedis Skinb
Parasite
aSee Table 30.15: Fungal Infections of the Lungs. Cryptosporidium parvum Acute and chronic diarrhea
bSee Table 25.8, Common Fungal Infections of the Skin and Nails.
