ADV PATHO NGR 6152 EXAM 1 2026/2027 | ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE QUESTIONS & EXAM
REVIEW
What is the Complement System made up of and what are its functions? - ANS ✔✔A group of about 30
proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or lyse pathogens
Antigen - ANS ✔✔toxin or foreign substance that induces immune response in the body, especially
antibody production
Epitope - ANS ✔✔part of the antigen where the antibody attaches itself
For an effective immune response, an antigen must be _ - ANS ✔✔processed within the cell and
expressed on the surface of those cells
Antibodies are also called - ANS ✔✔immunoglobulins
IgG - ANS ✔✔- most abundant Ig
- protects against infections
- able to cross placenta and provide passive immunity
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) - ANS ✔✔attach to pathogen-associated molecular patters (PAMPs) on a host
cell
Classical Pathway - ANS ✔✔activated by antibodies bound to an antigen, which interact with the
complement system
Lectin Pathway - ANS ✔✔activated when mannose binding proteins bind to mannose residues on the
surface of the pathogens
Alternative Pathway - ANS ✔✔activated by gram negative bacteria and fungi cell wall polysaccharides
Mast Cell Degranulation - ANS ✔✔- Histamine Release
- Vasoactive amine that causes temporary, rapid constriction of large blood vessels and dilation of
postcapillary venules
Cytokines - ANS ✔✔chemicals released by the immune system to cause PRO or ANTI inflammatory
response
Dendritic Cells - ANS ✔✔antigen presenting cells on the skin
Diapedesis - ANS ✔✔passage of blood cells (WBC) through capillary walls and into surrounding tissue
Natural Killer (NK) Cells - ANS ✔✔- role in killing of cells infected by virus and malignant cells
- responsible for immunological surveillance and policing peripheral tissues
, Bradykinin - ANS ✔✔increases vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, and pain
Chronic Inflammation - ANS ✔✔continuous injury/irritation to tissue, characterized by dense infiltration
of lymphocyte and formation of granuloma
Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) - ANS ✔✔components of the complement system that assemble to
form pores in the membranes of invading cells
Anaphylatoxins - ANS ✔✔- C3a & C5a
- stimulate mast cells to release histamine
Chemotactic Factors - ANS ✔✔attract phagocytes to site of inflammation
Function of the clotting system - ANS ✔✔prevent spread of infection or adjacent tissues
The coagulation cascade is dependent on _ and converges at _ - ANS ✔✔- calcium
- factor X
Coagulation Extrinsic Pathway - ANS ✔✔activated by damaged tissues releasing factors
Coagulation Intrinsic Pathway - ANS ✔✔activated by exposed collagen
What is the end product of the coagulation cascade? - ANS ✔✔Fibrin
Paratope - ANS ✔✔antigen binding site
What produces immunoglobulins? - ANS ✔✔plasma cells
IgM - ANS ✔✔First antibody produced
IgA - ANS ✔✔mucosal immunity
Antigenic Shift - ANS ✔✔changes in HA & NA spike of flu virus resulting in new strains
HIV causes depletion of what type of cell? - ANS ✔✔CD4 T Helper Cells
Type I Hyper Sensitivity Reaction - ANS ✔✔- IgE
- Anaphylaxis, food allergy
Type III Hypersensitivity Reaction - ANS ✔✔- Immune complex reaction
- Local or systemic
- antigen-antibody
Conjugate Vaccine - ANS ✔✔attachment of bacterial capsule polysaccharide to a toxoid
Endotoxins - ANS ✔✔release of pyrogens when gram negative bacteria die and cell wall breaks down
causing a fever
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE QUESTIONS & EXAM
REVIEW
What is the Complement System made up of and what are its functions? - ANS ✔✔A group of about 30
proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or lyse pathogens
Antigen - ANS ✔✔toxin or foreign substance that induces immune response in the body, especially
antibody production
Epitope - ANS ✔✔part of the antigen where the antibody attaches itself
For an effective immune response, an antigen must be _ - ANS ✔✔processed within the cell and
expressed on the surface of those cells
Antibodies are also called - ANS ✔✔immunoglobulins
IgG - ANS ✔✔- most abundant Ig
- protects against infections
- able to cross placenta and provide passive immunity
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) - ANS ✔✔attach to pathogen-associated molecular patters (PAMPs) on a host
cell
Classical Pathway - ANS ✔✔activated by antibodies bound to an antigen, which interact with the
complement system
Lectin Pathway - ANS ✔✔activated when mannose binding proteins bind to mannose residues on the
surface of the pathogens
Alternative Pathway - ANS ✔✔activated by gram negative bacteria and fungi cell wall polysaccharides
Mast Cell Degranulation - ANS ✔✔- Histamine Release
- Vasoactive amine that causes temporary, rapid constriction of large blood vessels and dilation of
postcapillary venules
Cytokines - ANS ✔✔chemicals released by the immune system to cause PRO or ANTI inflammatory
response
Dendritic Cells - ANS ✔✔antigen presenting cells on the skin
Diapedesis - ANS ✔✔passage of blood cells (WBC) through capillary walls and into surrounding tissue
Natural Killer (NK) Cells - ANS ✔✔- role in killing of cells infected by virus and malignant cells
- responsible for immunological surveillance and policing peripheral tissues
, Bradykinin - ANS ✔✔increases vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, and pain
Chronic Inflammation - ANS ✔✔continuous injury/irritation to tissue, characterized by dense infiltration
of lymphocyte and formation of granuloma
Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) - ANS ✔✔components of the complement system that assemble to
form pores in the membranes of invading cells
Anaphylatoxins - ANS ✔✔- C3a & C5a
- stimulate mast cells to release histamine
Chemotactic Factors - ANS ✔✔attract phagocytes to site of inflammation
Function of the clotting system - ANS ✔✔prevent spread of infection or adjacent tissues
The coagulation cascade is dependent on _ and converges at _ - ANS ✔✔- calcium
- factor X
Coagulation Extrinsic Pathway - ANS ✔✔activated by damaged tissues releasing factors
Coagulation Intrinsic Pathway - ANS ✔✔activated by exposed collagen
What is the end product of the coagulation cascade? - ANS ✔✔Fibrin
Paratope - ANS ✔✔antigen binding site
What produces immunoglobulins? - ANS ✔✔plasma cells
IgM - ANS ✔✔First antibody produced
IgA - ANS ✔✔mucosal immunity
Antigenic Shift - ANS ✔✔changes in HA & NA spike of flu virus resulting in new strains
HIV causes depletion of what type of cell? - ANS ✔✔CD4 T Helper Cells
Type I Hyper Sensitivity Reaction - ANS ✔✔- IgE
- Anaphylaxis, food allergy
Type III Hypersensitivity Reaction - ANS ✔✔- Immune complex reaction
- Local or systemic
- antigen-antibody
Conjugate Vaccine - ANS ✔✔attachment of bacterial capsule polysaccharide to a toxoid
Endotoxins - ANS ✔✔release of pyrogens when gram negative bacteria die and cell wall breaks down
causing a fever
