Dukes PATHOMA Deck (New 2026/ 2027
Update) Questions & Answers {Grade A}
100% Correct (Verified Solutions)
What MHC molecules do CD4 cells use? CD8? - correct answer CD4 - MHC II CD8 -
MHC I
What 2 signals are required for T cell activation? - correct answer Binding of
antigen/MHC complex to TCR, Co-stimulation - B7/CD28 interaction for CD4+, IL-2 for
CD8+
What is the 2nd signal for CD4 helper T cell activation? - correct answer B7 (on APC)
binds CD28 ;(on CD4+ T cell)
What cytokines do Th1 cells secrete? What functions do they perform?; - correct
answer IFN-³ has 3 key functions:; 1) activates macrophages 2) promotes class-
switching from IgM to IgG 3) skews helper response towards Th1 IL-2 - co-stimulation
for CD8+ T cell activation
,What cytokines do Th2 cells secrete? What are their functions?; - correct answer IL-4
(facilitates B cell class switching to IgG and IgE) IL-5 ( eosinophil chemotaxis and
activation, maturation of B cells to plasma cells, and class switching to IgA ) IL-10 (Th2
skewing) IL-13 (functions like IL-4)
What cells express MHC I? What does MHC I do?; - correct answer Expressed on all
nucleated cells in the body and platelets (RBCs are the only exception).;MHC I presents
intracellular antigen to CD8 T cells *Interesting to note, the body has developed
mechanisms for dealing with pathogens that disrupt MHC I killing - namely, NK cells
How are B cells activated (2 pathways)? - correct answer 1) Antigen binds to surface
IgM or IgD; results in maturation to IgM or IgD secreting plasma cells. -or- 1) B cell
presents antigen to CD4+ helper T cells via MHC class II 2) CD40 (on B cells) binds to
CD40L (on CD4 T cell) 3) CD4 T cell secretes IL-4 and IL-5 to induce class switching,
hypermutation, maturation
,What is the 2nd signal for B cell activation? - correct answer CD40 (on B cell)
interaction CD40L (on helper T cell)
What is the 2nd signal for CD8 T cell activation? - correct answer IL-2 from CD4 Th1
How do cytotoxic CD8 T cells kill (2 pathways)? - correct answer 1) secretion of
perforin or granzyme; 2) by the expression of FasL , which binds Fas on target cells;
What's the defining, key feature of granulomas? - correct answer Epithelioid
histiocytes
Describe the structure of a granuloma:; - correct answer A collection of epithelioid
histiocytes (macrophages with abundant pink cytoplasm), surrounded by giant cells
and a rim of lymphocytes
, What are 2 broad categories of chronic inflammation? - correct answer Granulomatous
and non-granulomatous
What are the 2 categories of granulomatous inflammation? - correct answer Caseating
and non-caseating
What distinguishes caseating granulomas from non-caseating granulomas? What
organisms cause caseating granulomas?; - correct answer Central necrosis (interior
cells lack nuclei). Characteristic of tuberculosis and fungal infections
Describe non-caseating granulomatous inflammation. Common causes?; - correct
answer Lacks central necrosis. ; Reaction to foreign material sarcoidosis beryllium
exposure Crohn disease Bartonella
What disease is associated with stellate-shaped granulomas? - correct answer Cat
scratch disease (Bartonella);
Update) Questions & Answers {Grade A}
100% Correct (Verified Solutions)
What MHC molecules do CD4 cells use? CD8? - correct answer CD4 - MHC II CD8 -
MHC I
What 2 signals are required for T cell activation? - correct answer Binding of
antigen/MHC complex to TCR, Co-stimulation - B7/CD28 interaction for CD4+, IL-2 for
CD8+
What is the 2nd signal for CD4 helper T cell activation? - correct answer B7 (on APC)
binds CD28 ;(on CD4+ T cell)
What cytokines do Th1 cells secrete? What functions do they perform?; - correct
answer IFN-³ has 3 key functions:; 1) activates macrophages 2) promotes class-
switching from IgM to IgG 3) skews helper response towards Th1 IL-2 - co-stimulation
for CD8+ T cell activation
,What cytokines do Th2 cells secrete? What are their functions?; - correct answer IL-4
(facilitates B cell class switching to IgG and IgE) IL-5 ( eosinophil chemotaxis and
activation, maturation of B cells to plasma cells, and class switching to IgA ) IL-10 (Th2
skewing) IL-13 (functions like IL-4)
What cells express MHC I? What does MHC I do?; - correct answer Expressed on all
nucleated cells in the body and platelets (RBCs are the only exception).;MHC I presents
intracellular antigen to CD8 T cells *Interesting to note, the body has developed
mechanisms for dealing with pathogens that disrupt MHC I killing - namely, NK cells
How are B cells activated (2 pathways)? - correct answer 1) Antigen binds to surface
IgM or IgD; results in maturation to IgM or IgD secreting plasma cells. -or- 1) B cell
presents antigen to CD4+ helper T cells via MHC class II 2) CD40 (on B cells) binds to
CD40L (on CD4 T cell) 3) CD4 T cell secretes IL-4 and IL-5 to induce class switching,
hypermutation, maturation
,What is the 2nd signal for B cell activation? - correct answer CD40 (on B cell)
interaction CD40L (on helper T cell)
What is the 2nd signal for CD8 T cell activation? - correct answer IL-2 from CD4 Th1
How do cytotoxic CD8 T cells kill (2 pathways)? - correct answer 1) secretion of
perforin or granzyme; 2) by the expression of FasL , which binds Fas on target cells;
What's the defining, key feature of granulomas? - correct answer Epithelioid
histiocytes
Describe the structure of a granuloma:; - correct answer A collection of epithelioid
histiocytes (macrophages with abundant pink cytoplasm), surrounded by giant cells
and a rim of lymphocytes
, What are 2 broad categories of chronic inflammation? - correct answer Granulomatous
and non-granulomatous
What are the 2 categories of granulomatous inflammation? - correct answer Caseating
and non-caseating
What distinguishes caseating granulomas from non-caseating granulomas? What
organisms cause caseating granulomas?; - correct answer Central necrosis (interior
cells lack nuclei). Characteristic of tuberculosis and fungal infections
Describe non-caseating granulomatous inflammation. Common causes?; - correct
answer Lacks central necrosis. ; Reaction to foreign material sarcoidosis beryllium
exposure Crohn disease Bartonella
What disease is associated with stellate-shaped granulomas? - correct answer Cat
scratch disease (Bartonella);
