MGMT 335 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

MGMT 335 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 What is perception and what are the major perceptual errors all of us make? - Answers The process by which individuals connect to their environment. 4 major perceptual errors: Stereotyping, halo effects, selective perception, projection What are the decision making traps that we must avoid to make good decisions? - Answers -Confirmation Bias: tendency to seek and rely on information that will confirm what we already believe, and to avoid data that will contradict our pre-existing views. -Escalation of Commitment: tendency for people to escalate commitment to a course of action in which they have made substantial prior investments of time, money, or other resources. -Anchoring Effect: tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered. the "anchor" -Framing Bias: tendency to react to a particular choice based on how it is presented. Positive frames- risk averse (status quo, gain) Negative frames- risk seeking (seek change, loss) -Availability of Information: when info that is presented in vivid or attention-getting ways becomes easy to recall. -Fundamental Attribution Error: people often explain another person's behavior by making attributions, either to the person or to the situation. The tendency is to: overestimate the role of personal or internal factors, underestimate the role of situational or external factors. What is the ladder of inference? - Answers Observable data Select data Add meaning Draw conclusions Take actions What are ethics? How are morals and ethics the same of different? - Answers Ethics are broadly applied social standards for what is right or wrong in a particular situation, or a process for setting those standards. Ethics are different from morals. Morals: Individual and personal beliefs about what is right and wrong. How is that good people can do bad things? - Answers It is a matter of personal and situational factors leading to ethical/unethical behavior. Understand Utilitarianism and Universalism - Answers Utilitarianism: "end-results ethics" the rightness of an action is determined by evaluating its projected/expected consequences. Universalism: "process/duty ethics" determines rightness or wrongness before outcomes. (Motives or reasons for acting are important.) What are the steps in the standard model of problem solving? What are the steps in NIU's Decision Making Guide? - Answers 1. Define the problem: Try to discover underlying causes. 2. Generate alternative solutions: Don't evaluate alternatives at this point, get ideas from all involved. 3. Evaluate and select an alternative 4. Implement and follow up on the solution NIU: 1. Determine the facts and state the problem 2. Who will be affected by the decision (stakeholders?) 3. Identify relevant factors 4. Develop a list of 3-5 options 5. Test options 6. Make a tentative choice 7. Review choice What is organizational culture and how does it influence individual and group behavior? What are the levels of culture? What are the characteristics of organizational culture? What are the four components of an ethical culture? What are the characteristics of ethical leaders? Why do larger organizations sometimes have sub-cultures? - Answers Organizational norms influencing employees' beliefs, values, cognition's, behaviors. Culture provides a sense of identity and encourages commitment, helps individuals make sense of organizational events, reinforces organizational values, guides and shapes individual behavior. Levels: Physical structures Language Rituals and Ceremonies Stories and Legends Shared values Shared assumptions Characteristics: Innovation and Risk taking, attention to detail, outcome orientation, people orientation, team orientation, aggressiveness. 4 Components of an Ethical Culture: Ethical leadership, supervisor reinforcement of ethics, peer commitment to ethics, embedded ethical values. Characteristics of ethical leaders: Respect others, serve others, are just, are honest, act as ethical role models. Large organizations may have subcultures typically defined by department designations and geographical separation. How do leaders shape organizational (or team) culture? - Answers Role model, Reward system, Hiring decisions, Socialization and stories, etc. What are the components of transformational leadership? - Answers Charisma: Set high ideals, values and ethical standards. Inspirational Motivation: Articulate a compelling vision. Intellectual Stimulation: Promote creativity, innovation, empowerment. Individual consideration: Focus on needs of each follower. What are the typical leader, follower, and situational characteristics of charismatic leadership? - Answers Leader: Self-confidence, conviction, enthusiasm, expressiveness, articulate, role model. Followers: Respect/esteem, loyalty/devotion, affection, high expectations, obedience, Situation: Crisis/urgency, perceived need for change, ideological goal, dramatic symbols How can you make a more effective and charismatic presentation? - Answers Start presentation with intro that catch attention (Plan on how to finish, communicate high performance expectations and confidence in others' ability to meet these expectations) Keep it to 3 to 5 main points so it can be memorable Project a powerful, confident, and dynamic presence. Be enthusiastic. Communication Style (eye contact, facial expressiveness, gestures, animated voice tones, language) Don't rely on note cards and practice. What are the dark sides to charismatic leadership? What is the difference between ethical and unethical charisma? - Answers Unrealistic expectations, dependency and counter-dependency, reluctance to voice disagreement with leader, need for continuing "magic", communication manipulation, poor management practices (hands-on, controlling, lack of attention to detail, etc.) Unethical charisma: uses power for personal gain, promotes own vision, closed to criticism, top-down communication, insensitive to followers. Ethical charisma: Use power to serve others, match vision to follower needs, open to feedback, develops followers, encourages thinking. What is the typical reaction process to organizational change? How can you minimize cynicism about change? Understand Kotter's eight steps to organizational change - Answers Over time: Shock, anger, rejection, acceptance. Minimizing cynicism: 1. Keep everyone informed 2. Use two-way communication and listen to your employees 3. Enhance management credibility and trust. 4. Deal with the past. Kotter's 8 Steps 1. Establish a sense of urgency 2. Build a powerful coalition 3. Develop a vision and strategy. 4. Communication the vision 5. Enable employees to act 6. Create and reward short-term wins 7. Consolidate gains 8. Institutionalize the changes.