COMM 104 FINAL EXAM 3 VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
inductive reasoning - Answers - Bottom up approach, specific case -> General Rule. If
all premises are true, then the conclusion is MOST LIKELY true. Example: Harold is a
grandfather, Harold is bald. Conclusion: All grandfathers are bald.
deductive reasoning - Answers - reasoning where true premises develop a true and
valid conclusion
deductively valid - Answers - a term for an argument that holds up logically and that has
factual information
voice - Answers - writing personality
information literacy - Answers - able to identify, locate, evaluate and effectively use
information
cues - Answers - anything besides the message argument
Ex: attractiveness, appearance, liking, authority, habit
cognitive heuristics - Answers - natural human decision making shortcuts that we use to
speed up our decisions about what to believe or what to do
cognitive miser - Answers - people's reluctance to do much extra thinking Taking
shortcuts or jumping to conclusions when making decisions to save time and mental
resources
idea that only a small amount of information is used by people to make decisions
central route thinking - Answers - involves processing messages carefully and effort
fully, produce more thoughts about the message and thoughts that are relevant to the
message
peripheral route thinking - Answers - assumes humans are cognitive misers, involves
processing messages superficially and lazily; fewer thoughts about the message and
thoughts are irrelevant
ethics - Answers - a matter of the conscious choices a person makes (in society we are
expected to be aware of norms, laws, etc.)
moral ethics - Answers - rhetorical comm has ethical value, "only good people are
allowed to speak"
amoral ethics - Answers - rhetorical communication has no ethical value itself
, coercion - Answers - using force or punishment to get something you desire
censorship - Answers - the process of officially examining and suppressing
unacceptable parts (revising ideas)
ghostwriting - Answers - when someone is hired to write something for you but you get
credited for it
advocate system - Answers - You are fighting for someone's best interest, instead of
fighting against someone else. having someone speak for you
What are the four questions to ask about your sample when evaluating inductive
generalizations? - Answers - 1) Was the correct group sampled?
2) Was the data obtained in an effective way?
3) Were enough cases considered?
4) Was the sample representatively structured?
What are the three types of relationships between variables? (Three C's) - Answers -
coincidences: when two or more events occur together by chance
correlations: when 2 more events occur together several times
causes: when two or more events occur together and the earlier event influences the
later one
Common Inductive Fallacies - Answers - 1) erroneous generalization
2) playing with numbers
3) false dilemma
4) gamblers fallacy: improperly connecting events that happened due to chance
5) false cause
6) slippery slope
erroneous generalization - Answers - generalizing based on too little information
playing with numbers - Answers - misapplying statistical tests
false dilemma - Answers - assuming incorrectly that all options are bad options
gamblers fallacy - Answers - improperly connecting events that happened due to
chance
false cause - Answers - assuming that if B happens right after A, A must cause B
slippery slope - Answers - assuming that an event is automatically the start of a long
chain of events
inductive reasoning - Answers - Bottom up approach, specific case -> General Rule. If
all premises are true, then the conclusion is MOST LIKELY true. Example: Harold is a
grandfather, Harold is bald. Conclusion: All grandfathers are bald.
deductive reasoning - Answers - reasoning where true premises develop a true and
valid conclusion
deductively valid - Answers - a term for an argument that holds up logically and that has
factual information
voice - Answers - writing personality
information literacy - Answers - able to identify, locate, evaluate and effectively use
information
cues - Answers - anything besides the message argument
Ex: attractiveness, appearance, liking, authority, habit
cognitive heuristics - Answers - natural human decision making shortcuts that we use to
speed up our decisions about what to believe or what to do
cognitive miser - Answers - people's reluctance to do much extra thinking Taking
shortcuts or jumping to conclusions when making decisions to save time and mental
resources
idea that only a small amount of information is used by people to make decisions
central route thinking - Answers - involves processing messages carefully and effort
fully, produce more thoughts about the message and thoughts that are relevant to the
message
peripheral route thinking - Answers - assumes humans are cognitive misers, involves
processing messages superficially and lazily; fewer thoughts about the message and
thoughts are irrelevant
ethics - Answers - a matter of the conscious choices a person makes (in society we are
expected to be aware of norms, laws, etc.)
moral ethics - Answers - rhetorical comm has ethical value, "only good people are
allowed to speak"
amoral ethics - Answers - rhetorical communication has no ethical value itself
, coercion - Answers - using force or punishment to get something you desire
censorship - Answers - the process of officially examining and suppressing
unacceptable parts (revising ideas)
ghostwriting - Answers - when someone is hired to write something for you but you get
credited for it
advocate system - Answers - You are fighting for someone's best interest, instead of
fighting against someone else. having someone speak for you
What are the four questions to ask about your sample when evaluating inductive
generalizations? - Answers - 1) Was the correct group sampled?
2) Was the data obtained in an effective way?
3) Were enough cases considered?
4) Was the sample representatively structured?
What are the three types of relationships between variables? (Three C's) - Answers -
coincidences: when two or more events occur together by chance
correlations: when 2 more events occur together several times
causes: when two or more events occur together and the earlier event influences the
later one
Common Inductive Fallacies - Answers - 1) erroneous generalization
2) playing with numbers
3) false dilemma
4) gamblers fallacy: improperly connecting events that happened due to chance
5) false cause
6) slippery slope
erroneous generalization - Answers - generalizing based on too little information
playing with numbers - Answers - misapplying statistical tests
false dilemma - Answers - assuming incorrectly that all options are bad options
gamblers fallacy - Answers - improperly connecting events that happened due to
chance
false cause - Answers - assuming that if B happens right after A, A must cause B
slippery slope - Answers - assuming that an event is automatically the start of a long
chain of events
