NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM FINAL PAPER 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉ Microcytic anemia.
Answer: Anemia characterized by smaller than normal red blood
cells.
◉ Hypochromic anemia.
Answer: Anemia with reduced hemoglobin content in red blood
cells.
◉ Gastrointestinal blood loss.
Answer: Loss of blood from the digestive tract.
◉ Prothrombin time (PT).
Answer: Test measuring time for blood to clot.
◉ Partial thromboplastin time (PTT).
Answer: Test assessing the intrinsic pathway of coagulation.
◉ Template bleeding time.
,Answer: Test measuring time for bleeding to stop.
◉ Vitamin C deficiency.
Answer: Condition leading to scurvy and bleeding issues.
◉ Von Willebrand disease.
Answer: Genetic disorder affecting blood clotting ability.
◉ Platelet aggregation.
Answer: Clumping of platelets to form a blood clot.
◉ Iron deficiency anemia.
Answer: Anemia due to insufficient iron for hemoglobin.
◉ Acute myocardial infarction.
Answer: Heart attack caused by blocked blood flow.
◉ Ejection fraction.
Answer: Percentage of blood pumped out of the heart.
◉ Pulmonary edema.
Answer: Fluid accumulation in the lungs causing breathlessness.
,◉ Increased hydrostatic pressure.
Answer: Elevated pressure in blood vessels causing fluid leakage.
◉ Tetralogy of Fallot.
Answer: Congenital heart defect with four anatomical abnormalities.
◉ Pulmonary stenosis.
Answer: Narrowing of the outflow tract from the right ventricle.
◉ Chronic renal failure.
Answer: Gradual loss of kidney function over time.
◉ Macronodular cirrhosis.
Answer: Liver disease characterized by large nodules.
◉ Beta thalassemia.
Answer: Genetic disorder reducing hemoglobin production.
◉ Pernicious anemia.
Answer: Anemia due to vitamin B12 absorption issues.
, ◉ Fibrinogen level.
Answer: Measure of a protein essential for blood clotting.
◉ Degree of Pulmonary Stenosis.
Answer: Severity of narrowing in the pulmonary artery.
◉ Acute Shortness of Breath (SOB).
Answer: Sudden difficulty in breathing, often requiring immediate
care.
◉ Respiratory Alkalosis.
Answer: Condition caused by decreased carbon dioxide levels.
◉ Metabolic Alkalosis.
Answer: Increase in blood pH due to bicarbonate retention.
◉ Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-diuretic Hormone (SIADH).
Answer: Excessive release of ADH leading to water retention.
◉ Asthma Diagnosis Indicators.
Answer: Symptoms include wheezing and improved FEV1 after
bronchodilator.
EXAM FINAL PAPER 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉ Microcytic anemia.
Answer: Anemia characterized by smaller than normal red blood
cells.
◉ Hypochromic anemia.
Answer: Anemia with reduced hemoglobin content in red blood
cells.
◉ Gastrointestinal blood loss.
Answer: Loss of blood from the digestive tract.
◉ Prothrombin time (PT).
Answer: Test measuring time for blood to clot.
◉ Partial thromboplastin time (PTT).
Answer: Test assessing the intrinsic pathway of coagulation.
◉ Template bleeding time.
,Answer: Test measuring time for bleeding to stop.
◉ Vitamin C deficiency.
Answer: Condition leading to scurvy and bleeding issues.
◉ Von Willebrand disease.
Answer: Genetic disorder affecting blood clotting ability.
◉ Platelet aggregation.
Answer: Clumping of platelets to form a blood clot.
◉ Iron deficiency anemia.
Answer: Anemia due to insufficient iron for hemoglobin.
◉ Acute myocardial infarction.
Answer: Heart attack caused by blocked blood flow.
◉ Ejection fraction.
Answer: Percentage of blood pumped out of the heart.
◉ Pulmonary edema.
Answer: Fluid accumulation in the lungs causing breathlessness.
,◉ Increased hydrostatic pressure.
Answer: Elevated pressure in blood vessels causing fluid leakage.
◉ Tetralogy of Fallot.
Answer: Congenital heart defect with four anatomical abnormalities.
◉ Pulmonary stenosis.
Answer: Narrowing of the outflow tract from the right ventricle.
◉ Chronic renal failure.
Answer: Gradual loss of kidney function over time.
◉ Macronodular cirrhosis.
Answer: Liver disease characterized by large nodules.
◉ Beta thalassemia.
Answer: Genetic disorder reducing hemoglobin production.
◉ Pernicious anemia.
Answer: Anemia due to vitamin B12 absorption issues.
, ◉ Fibrinogen level.
Answer: Measure of a protein essential for blood clotting.
◉ Degree of Pulmonary Stenosis.
Answer: Severity of narrowing in the pulmonary artery.
◉ Acute Shortness of Breath (SOB).
Answer: Sudden difficulty in breathing, often requiring immediate
care.
◉ Respiratory Alkalosis.
Answer: Condition caused by decreased carbon dioxide levels.
◉ Metabolic Alkalosis.
Answer: Increase in blood pH due to bicarbonate retention.
◉ Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-diuretic Hormone (SIADH).
Answer: Excessive release of ADH leading to water retention.
◉ Asthma Diagnosis Indicators.
Answer: Symptoms include wheezing and improved FEV1 after
bronchodilator.
