University of Colorado Boulder BCHM 4611 Final Exam |
Questions with 100% Verified Answers | Latest Update
Question:
Prokaryotes
Answer:
2 domains: archaea and bacteria, exclusively single cell organisms, no nucleus
Question:
Benefits of being prokaryotic
Answer:
More adaptable to changing environments, species have evolved to colonize extreme environments
due to their simplicity and rapid cell division
Question:
Eukaryotes
Answer:
Multicellular and unicellular organisms, more complex cellular organization with
membrane-enclosed organelles that have specialized functions, DNA stored in nucleus
Question:
Classes of monomers
Answer:
Amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides, and lipids
Question:
Classes of polymers
Answer:
Polypeptides, polysaccharides, nucleic acids (no true polymers for lipids - form non- covalent
aggregates)
Question:
Polypeptide/protein
Answer:
Polymer of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
Question:
Residue
Answer:
,Monomer that has been incorporated into a polymer
Question:
Protein major roles
Answer:
Carry out metabolic reactions, support cellular structures
Question:
Protein minor role
Answer:
Store energy
Question:
Nucleic acid major role
Answer:
Encode information
Question:
Nucleic acid minor roles
Answer:
Carry out metabolic reactions, support cellular structures
Question:
Polysaccharides major roles
Answer:
Store energy, support cellular structures
Question:
Polysaccharides minor role
Answer:
Encode information
Question:
Open system
Answer:
Energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings
Question:
Closed system
, Answer:
Only exchanges energy with its surroundings, not matter
Question:
Isolated system
Answer:
Does not exchange energy or matter with its surroundings
Question:
Gibbs free energy (G)
Answer:
Thermodynamic quantity whose change indicates the spontaneity of a process. For
spontaneous/favorable processes, ΔG < 0, whereas for a process at equilibrium, ΔG = 0
Question:
Enthalpy (H)
Answer:
Heat content of a biochemical system
Question:
Entropy (S)
Answer:
Degree of randomness or disorder of a system
Question:
Free energy change equation
Answer:
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
Question:
Coupled reaction
Answer:
Reactions that occur in concert with each other; product of the first reaction is a reactant for the
second reaction; ΔG values are added when reactions are combined
Question:
Why is ΔG independent of path chosen?
Answer:
, Depends only on the initial and final states of the system, without regard to the specific chemical or
mechanical work that occurred in going from one state to the other
Question:
Oxidation
Answer:
Loss of electrons through the addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen; oxidation of carbon is
thermodynamically favorable so it can be coupled with otherwise unfavorable processes
Question:
Catabolism
Answer:
Breaking down molecules, yielding energy; some of this free energy may be conserved in the
formation of nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) such as ATP or reduced cofactors such as NADP+ or Q
Question:
Anabolism
Answer:
Building complex molecules at the expense of energy
Question:
H2O structure/geometry
Answer:
Central oxygen atom forms covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms, leaving two unshared pairs of
electrons; tetrahedral geometry
Question:
How does water's structure affect its properties and interactions with other molecules?
Answer:
It is polar (uneven distribution of charge) which allows it to form hydrogen bonds with other water
molecules, this makes water highly cohesive; has high dielectric constant which means ionic
compounds dissolve in it well; polar compounds also dissolve well due to hydrogen bonding with
water
Question:
Covalent bond
Answer:
Formed when two atoms share electrons
Questions with 100% Verified Answers | Latest Update
Question:
Prokaryotes
Answer:
2 domains: archaea and bacteria, exclusively single cell organisms, no nucleus
Question:
Benefits of being prokaryotic
Answer:
More adaptable to changing environments, species have evolved to colonize extreme environments
due to their simplicity and rapid cell division
Question:
Eukaryotes
Answer:
Multicellular and unicellular organisms, more complex cellular organization with
membrane-enclosed organelles that have specialized functions, DNA stored in nucleus
Question:
Classes of monomers
Answer:
Amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides, and lipids
Question:
Classes of polymers
Answer:
Polypeptides, polysaccharides, nucleic acids (no true polymers for lipids - form non- covalent
aggregates)
Question:
Polypeptide/protein
Answer:
Polymer of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
Question:
Residue
Answer:
,Monomer that has been incorporated into a polymer
Question:
Protein major roles
Answer:
Carry out metabolic reactions, support cellular structures
Question:
Protein minor role
Answer:
Store energy
Question:
Nucleic acid major role
Answer:
Encode information
Question:
Nucleic acid minor roles
Answer:
Carry out metabolic reactions, support cellular structures
Question:
Polysaccharides major roles
Answer:
Store energy, support cellular structures
Question:
Polysaccharides minor role
Answer:
Encode information
Question:
Open system
Answer:
Energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings
Question:
Closed system
, Answer:
Only exchanges energy with its surroundings, not matter
Question:
Isolated system
Answer:
Does not exchange energy or matter with its surroundings
Question:
Gibbs free energy (G)
Answer:
Thermodynamic quantity whose change indicates the spontaneity of a process. For
spontaneous/favorable processes, ΔG < 0, whereas for a process at equilibrium, ΔG = 0
Question:
Enthalpy (H)
Answer:
Heat content of a biochemical system
Question:
Entropy (S)
Answer:
Degree of randomness or disorder of a system
Question:
Free energy change equation
Answer:
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
Question:
Coupled reaction
Answer:
Reactions that occur in concert with each other; product of the first reaction is a reactant for the
second reaction; ΔG values are added when reactions are combined
Question:
Why is ΔG independent of path chosen?
Answer:
, Depends only on the initial and final states of the system, without regard to the specific chemical or
mechanical work that occurred in going from one state to the other
Question:
Oxidation
Answer:
Loss of electrons through the addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen; oxidation of carbon is
thermodynamically favorable so it can be coupled with otherwise unfavorable processes
Question:
Catabolism
Answer:
Breaking down molecules, yielding energy; some of this free energy may be conserved in the
formation of nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) such as ATP or reduced cofactors such as NADP+ or Q
Question:
Anabolism
Answer:
Building complex molecules at the expense of energy
Question:
H2O structure/geometry
Answer:
Central oxygen atom forms covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms, leaving two unshared pairs of
electrons; tetrahedral geometry
Question:
How does water's structure affect its properties and interactions with other molecules?
Answer:
It is polar (uneven distribution of charge) which allows it to form hydrogen bonds with other water
molecules, this makes water highly cohesive; has high dielectric constant which means ionic
compounds dissolve in it well; polar compounds also dissolve well due to hydrogen bonding with
water
Question:
Covalent bond
Answer:
Formed when two atoms share electrons
