MARIA LEIK FLASHCARD SET (AGNP)
Maria Leik
(AGNP)
EXAM STUDY GUIDE
1400+ Qs, Clinical Terms, & Ans
Exam Preparation
Main Features:
• Focused AGNP exam review
• Questions, Terms, Images, and Answers
• Extensive collection of Review questions and answers
• Helpful for identifying knowledge gaps
• Covers high-yield concepts
• Supports structured study and final revision
Maria Leik AGNP Flashcards | Page 1
, MARIA LEIK FLASHCARD SET (AGNP)
1. Acute Renal Failure Symptoms
Oliguria, edema, weight gain, lethargy, nausea, loss of appetite
2. Are serum creatinine and eGFR accurate in acute renal failure?
Not necessarily
3. Which hormones are secreted by the kidneys and what are their functions ?
Erythropoeitin (RBC production), renin & bradykinin (b/p), prostaglandins (renal perfusion),
calcitriol/vitamin D3 (bones)
4. Which hormones reabsorb water back into body?
ADH and aldosterone
5. What are some waste products of the kidneys?
Water-soluble products (creatinine, urea, uric acid)
6. What is the average daily urine output?
1500mL
7. What is oliguria?
<400mL daily
8. Serum creatinine definition & levels
Male 0.7-1.3mg/dL, Female 0.6-1.1mg/dL Product of creatine metabolism, primarily from
muscle so falsely decreased in people with low muscle volume (elderly)
9. What raises serum creatinine?
• A decrease in renal function such as renal failure or damage, nephrotoxic drugs
10. Which individuals may have higher serum creatinine levels without renal disease?
Individuals males and individuals with more muscle mass such as African Americans
11. What is creatinine clearance (24-hr urine) used for?
Detect proteinuria, albuminuria and microalbuminuria
Maria Leik AGNP Flashcards | Page 2
, MARIA LEIK FLASHCARD SET (AGNP)
12. What is the relative relationship of creatinine clearance (24 hr urine) to GFR?
Creatinine clearance is doubled for every 50% reduction in GFR
13. Is 24 hour urine (creatinine clearance) better than serum creatinine?
Yes, more sensitive because reflects 24hr period so relatively constant and not affected by
fluid status, diet or exercise
14. eGFR definition
Amount of fluid filtered by glomerulus within a certain unit of time, used to evaluate renal
function
15. Which test is used to stage chronic kidney disease?
eGFR, normal >90mL/min, stage 5 (renal failure <15mL/min)
16. eGFR less reliable in which people?
• drastic increase/reduction in muscle mass (bodybuilders, amputees, wasting disorders),
pregnancy, acute renal failure
• if ate meat within 12 hours of blood test
17. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) definition
Not as sensitive as serum creatinine or GFR. Measure of kidney's ability to excrete urea
(waste product of protein metabolism)
18. If BUN abnormal what should you do?
Check GFR, if normal likely that renal function is normal. Renal failure, high-protein diet, CHF
and drugs are other causes of elevated BUN
19. What is BUN-to-creatinine ratio used for?
Evaluates dehydration, hypovolemia and acute renal failure. Also used to classify type of
renal failure (renal, infrarenal, postrenal)
20. What do epithelial cells in urinalysis mean?
Large number- contaminated sample Small number- normal
21. Normal number of leukocytes (leukocyte esterase) present on urinalysis?
Less than or equal to 10/mL; presence of leukocytes in urine (pyuria) in males is always
abnormal
Maria Leik AGNP Flashcards | Page 3
, MARIA LEIK FLASHCARD SET (AGNP)
22. RBCs on urinalysis
Less than 5 cells is normal, elevated with kidney stones, pyelonephritis and cystitis. May be
contaminated by hemorrhoids or menses.
23. Protein on urinalysis
Indicates either pyelonephritis (resolves after treatment) or kidney disease. NOTE: only picks
up albumin not microalbumin (Bence-Jones proteins); order 24 hr urine for protein &
creatinine clearance
24. Nitrites on urinalysis
Formed by certain types of bacteria that break nitrates into nitrites; primarily E. coli
25. Interpretation of Urine for Culture and Sensitivity
Greater than or equal to 10^5 (100,000) CFU/mL of a single bacteria. If multiple bacteria than
contaminated sample. Lower values indicate bacteriuria.
26. What are casts shaped like on urinalysis?
Shaped like cylinders because formed in renal tubules
27. Hyaline casts indicate?
Normal, may be seen in concentrated urine
28. WBC casts indicate?
Infection (UTI or pyelonephritis)
29. RBC casts indicate?
Proteinuria and are diagnostic for glomerulonephritis
30. Urinalysis is more sensitive in males or females?
Males
31. Most common bacteria causing UTIs?
E.coli, then Staphylococcus saprophyticus, P. mirabilis, and K. pnueumoniae
32. Treatment for uncomplicated UTI (>age 18)?
Bactrim or Septra (TMP/SMX) x 3 days Sulfa allergic: Nitrofurantoin or Augmentin x 3 days
33. If symptoms persist 48-72 hrs after initiating tmt for UTI what should you do?
• urinalysis, culture and sensitivity
Maria Leik AGNP Flashcards | Page 4
Maria Leik
(AGNP)
EXAM STUDY GUIDE
1400+ Qs, Clinical Terms, & Ans
Exam Preparation
Main Features:
• Focused AGNP exam review
• Questions, Terms, Images, and Answers
• Extensive collection of Review questions and answers
• Helpful for identifying knowledge gaps
• Covers high-yield concepts
• Supports structured study and final revision
Maria Leik AGNP Flashcards | Page 1
, MARIA LEIK FLASHCARD SET (AGNP)
1. Acute Renal Failure Symptoms
Oliguria, edema, weight gain, lethargy, nausea, loss of appetite
2. Are serum creatinine and eGFR accurate in acute renal failure?
Not necessarily
3. Which hormones are secreted by the kidneys and what are their functions ?
Erythropoeitin (RBC production), renin & bradykinin (b/p), prostaglandins (renal perfusion),
calcitriol/vitamin D3 (bones)
4. Which hormones reabsorb water back into body?
ADH and aldosterone
5. What are some waste products of the kidneys?
Water-soluble products (creatinine, urea, uric acid)
6. What is the average daily urine output?
1500mL
7. What is oliguria?
<400mL daily
8. Serum creatinine definition & levels
Male 0.7-1.3mg/dL, Female 0.6-1.1mg/dL Product of creatine metabolism, primarily from
muscle so falsely decreased in people with low muscle volume (elderly)
9. What raises serum creatinine?
• A decrease in renal function such as renal failure or damage, nephrotoxic drugs
10. Which individuals may have higher serum creatinine levels without renal disease?
Individuals males and individuals with more muscle mass such as African Americans
11. What is creatinine clearance (24-hr urine) used for?
Detect proteinuria, albuminuria and microalbuminuria
Maria Leik AGNP Flashcards | Page 2
, MARIA LEIK FLASHCARD SET (AGNP)
12. What is the relative relationship of creatinine clearance (24 hr urine) to GFR?
Creatinine clearance is doubled for every 50% reduction in GFR
13. Is 24 hour urine (creatinine clearance) better than serum creatinine?
Yes, more sensitive because reflects 24hr period so relatively constant and not affected by
fluid status, diet or exercise
14. eGFR definition
Amount of fluid filtered by glomerulus within a certain unit of time, used to evaluate renal
function
15. Which test is used to stage chronic kidney disease?
eGFR, normal >90mL/min, stage 5 (renal failure <15mL/min)
16. eGFR less reliable in which people?
• drastic increase/reduction in muscle mass (bodybuilders, amputees, wasting disorders),
pregnancy, acute renal failure
• if ate meat within 12 hours of blood test
17. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) definition
Not as sensitive as serum creatinine or GFR. Measure of kidney's ability to excrete urea
(waste product of protein metabolism)
18. If BUN abnormal what should you do?
Check GFR, if normal likely that renal function is normal. Renal failure, high-protein diet, CHF
and drugs are other causes of elevated BUN
19. What is BUN-to-creatinine ratio used for?
Evaluates dehydration, hypovolemia and acute renal failure. Also used to classify type of
renal failure (renal, infrarenal, postrenal)
20. What do epithelial cells in urinalysis mean?
Large number- contaminated sample Small number- normal
21. Normal number of leukocytes (leukocyte esterase) present on urinalysis?
Less than or equal to 10/mL; presence of leukocytes in urine (pyuria) in males is always
abnormal
Maria Leik AGNP Flashcards | Page 3
, MARIA LEIK FLASHCARD SET (AGNP)
22. RBCs on urinalysis
Less than 5 cells is normal, elevated with kidney stones, pyelonephritis and cystitis. May be
contaminated by hemorrhoids or menses.
23. Protein on urinalysis
Indicates either pyelonephritis (resolves after treatment) or kidney disease. NOTE: only picks
up albumin not microalbumin (Bence-Jones proteins); order 24 hr urine for protein &
creatinine clearance
24. Nitrites on urinalysis
Formed by certain types of bacteria that break nitrates into nitrites; primarily E. coli
25. Interpretation of Urine for Culture and Sensitivity
Greater than or equal to 10^5 (100,000) CFU/mL of a single bacteria. If multiple bacteria than
contaminated sample. Lower values indicate bacteriuria.
26. What are casts shaped like on urinalysis?
Shaped like cylinders because formed in renal tubules
27. Hyaline casts indicate?
Normal, may be seen in concentrated urine
28. WBC casts indicate?
Infection (UTI or pyelonephritis)
29. RBC casts indicate?
Proteinuria and are diagnostic for glomerulonephritis
30. Urinalysis is more sensitive in males or females?
Males
31. Most common bacteria causing UTIs?
E.coli, then Staphylococcus saprophyticus, P. mirabilis, and K. pnueumoniae
32. Treatment for uncomplicated UTI (>age 18)?
Bactrim or Septra (TMP/SMX) x 3 days Sulfa allergic: Nitrofurantoin or Augmentin x 3 days
33. If symptoms persist 48-72 hrs after initiating tmt for UTI what should you do?
• urinalysis, culture and sensitivity
Maria Leik AGNP Flashcards | Page 4
