NSG 533 Advanced Pathophysiology Latest
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, List the novel risk factors for CAD - correct ans:1) markers of inflammation, ischemia, and thrombosis
(elevated high sensitivity C-reactive protein, troponin, fibrinogen) 2) adipokines (leptin, adiponectin) 3)
CKD 4) air pollution and ionizing radiation 5) medications (NSAIDs) 6) coronary artery calcification and
carotid wall thickness and 7) microbiome 8) small dense LDL particles and lipoprotein(a) 9)
Hyperhomocysteinemia
List nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD - correct ans:Advanced age, male gender or woman after
menopause, and family history (genetics, shared environmental exposure).
List modifiable risk factors for CAD - correct ans:Dyslipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes
and insulin resistance, obesity and sedentary lifestyle, and an atherogenic diet.
How does dyslipidemia contribute to CAD? - correct ans:High levels of LDL in the bloodstream leads to
LDL oxidation, migration into the vessel wall, and phagocytosis by macrophages, all key steps in the
pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis - correct ans:A chronic inflammatory condition that results in damage to the arteries.
Thickening and hardening of the vessels are caused by the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages
(foam cells) within the arterial walls, leading to the formation of a plaque.
Optimal lipid panal results - correct ans:Total cholesterol (< 200), LDL (< 100), triglycerides (< 150)
What is the response-to-injury hypothesis in the development of atherosclerotic lesions? - correct
ans:The earliest event in atherogenesis is injury to the endothelium, which could be triggered by
hypertension, circulation of ROS (smoking, pollutants), dyslipidemia, and elevated A1C.
When foam cells accumulate in a significant amount within the arterial wall, they form ______ . What is
then released? - correct ans:a lesion called a fatty streak; inflammatory cytokines, damaging enzymes,
and growth factors.
Growth factors released released in atherogenesis stimulate _______ , which ________ . - correct
ans:smooth muscle cell proliferation; produce collagen and migrate over the fatty streak to form a
fibrous plaque.
recent and frequently tested exam with
comprehensive questions and verified
accurate solution (detailed & elaborated)
GRADED A+
Professional Academic Assistance Services
Services Offered
Proctored Exam Assistance
Online Class Management (Full Course Support)
Exam Preparation & Study Materials
Assignments and Coursework Support
Essays and Research Papers
Discussion Posts and Replies
CONTACT INFORMATION
WHATAPPSLINK- https://wa.me/254784769540
, List the novel risk factors for CAD - correct ans:1) markers of inflammation, ischemia, and thrombosis
(elevated high sensitivity C-reactive protein, troponin, fibrinogen) 2) adipokines (leptin, adiponectin) 3)
CKD 4) air pollution and ionizing radiation 5) medications (NSAIDs) 6) coronary artery calcification and
carotid wall thickness and 7) microbiome 8) small dense LDL particles and lipoprotein(a) 9)
Hyperhomocysteinemia
List nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD - correct ans:Advanced age, male gender or woman after
menopause, and family history (genetics, shared environmental exposure).
List modifiable risk factors for CAD - correct ans:Dyslipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes
and insulin resistance, obesity and sedentary lifestyle, and an atherogenic diet.
How does dyslipidemia contribute to CAD? - correct ans:High levels of LDL in the bloodstream leads to
LDL oxidation, migration into the vessel wall, and phagocytosis by macrophages, all key steps in the
pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis - correct ans:A chronic inflammatory condition that results in damage to the arteries.
Thickening and hardening of the vessels are caused by the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages
(foam cells) within the arterial walls, leading to the formation of a plaque.
Optimal lipid panal results - correct ans:Total cholesterol (< 200), LDL (< 100), triglycerides (< 150)
What is the response-to-injury hypothesis in the development of atherosclerotic lesions? - correct
ans:The earliest event in atherogenesis is injury to the endothelium, which could be triggered by
hypertension, circulation of ROS (smoking, pollutants), dyslipidemia, and elevated A1C.
When foam cells accumulate in a significant amount within the arterial wall, they form ______ . What is
then released? - correct ans:a lesion called a fatty streak; inflammatory cytokines, damaging enzymes,
and growth factors.
Growth factors released released in atherogenesis stimulate _______ , which ________ . - correct
ans:smooth muscle cell proliferation; produce collagen and migrate over the fatty streak to form a
fibrous plaque.
