BIOL 1001 EXAM 2 REVIEW 2026 UPDATED
QUESTIONS VERIFIED ANSWERS
COMPLETE GUIDE
◉ Membrane potential
Answer: voltage across a membrane
inside of the cell is negative relative to outside
In cells of all types, there is an electrical potential difference
between the inside of the cell and the surrounding extracellular
fluid. This is termed the membrane potential of the cell. While this
phenomenon is present in all cells, it is especially important in nerve
and muscles cells, because changes in their membrane potentials are
used to code and transmit information.
the opening of a gated ion channel, causes the membrane potential
to become less negative, this is termed depolarization. Conversely, if
some factor causes the membrane potential to become more
negative, this is termed hyperpolarization.
◉ exocytosis
Answer: (something exiting)
,-cell secretes biological molecules by fusion of vesicle with the cell
membrane
-fused membrane becomes part of the plasma membrane making it
slightly bigger
Exocytosis is a form of active transport in which a cell transports
molecules (such as proteins) out of the cell by expelling them in an
energy-using process. Exocytosis and its counterpart, endocytosis,
are used by all cells because most chemical substances important to
them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the
hydrophobic portion of the cell membrane by passive means.
◉ endocytosis
Answer: -entering
-cells take in matter and molecules by forming new vesicles from the
plasma membrane that can move through the cytosol
-Plasma membrane gets slightly smaller
Endocytosis is a form of active transport in which a cell transports
molecules (such as proteins) into the cell by engulfing them in an
energy-using process. Endocytosis and its counterpart, exocytosis,
are used by all cells because most chemical substances important to
them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the
hydrophobic plasma or cell membrane by passive means.
Endocytosis includes phagocytosis (cell eating).
, ◉ cell signalling
Answer: Cell signaling is part of any communication process that
governs basic activities of cells and coordinates all cell actions
the three stages of cell signalling are reception, transduction, and
response
◉ paracrine
Answer: cells right next to each other
local
ex. growth factor
Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-to-cell communication in which
a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering
the behavior of those cells. Signaling molecules known as paracrine
factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as
opposed to endocrine factors, juxtacrine interactions, and autocrine
signaling. Cells that produce paracrine factors secrete them into the
immediate extracellular environment.
◉ endocrine
Answer: hormones traveling through the blood stream to target cells
(hormone)
QUESTIONS VERIFIED ANSWERS
COMPLETE GUIDE
◉ Membrane potential
Answer: voltage across a membrane
inside of the cell is negative relative to outside
In cells of all types, there is an electrical potential difference
between the inside of the cell and the surrounding extracellular
fluid. This is termed the membrane potential of the cell. While this
phenomenon is present in all cells, it is especially important in nerve
and muscles cells, because changes in their membrane potentials are
used to code and transmit information.
the opening of a gated ion channel, causes the membrane potential
to become less negative, this is termed depolarization. Conversely, if
some factor causes the membrane potential to become more
negative, this is termed hyperpolarization.
◉ exocytosis
Answer: (something exiting)
,-cell secretes biological molecules by fusion of vesicle with the cell
membrane
-fused membrane becomes part of the plasma membrane making it
slightly bigger
Exocytosis is a form of active transport in which a cell transports
molecules (such as proteins) out of the cell by expelling them in an
energy-using process. Exocytosis and its counterpart, endocytosis,
are used by all cells because most chemical substances important to
them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the
hydrophobic portion of the cell membrane by passive means.
◉ endocytosis
Answer: -entering
-cells take in matter and molecules by forming new vesicles from the
plasma membrane that can move through the cytosol
-Plasma membrane gets slightly smaller
Endocytosis is a form of active transport in which a cell transports
molecules (such as proteins) into the cell by engulfing them in an
energy-using process. Endocytosis and its counterpart, exocytosis,
are used by all cells because most chemical substances important to
them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the
hydrophobic plasma or cell membrane by passive means.
Endocytosis includes phagocytosis (cell eating).
, ◉ cell signalling
Answer: Cell signaling is part of any communication process that
governs basic activities of cells and coordinates all cell actions
the three stages of cell signalling are reception, transduction, and
response
◉ paracrine
Answer: cells right next to each other
local
ex. growth factor
Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-to-cell communication in which
a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering
the behavior of those cells. Signaling molecules known as paracrine
factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as
opposed to endocrine factors, juxtacrine interactions, and autocrine
signaling. Cells that produce paracrine factors secrete them into the
immediate extracellular environment.
◉ endocrine
Answer: hormones traveling through the blood stream to target cells
(hormone)
