BIOD 171 MODULE 2 EXAM SCRIPT 2026
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
◉ What is the primary function of enzymes, and how are they
regulated?
Answer: Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. Most notably, the
enzyme is not consumed during the reaction and can be used
repeatedly by the cell. Enzymes can also be regulated by a cofactor
such that in the absence of the proper cofactor, enzymes are inactive
while in its presence enzymes are active.
◉ What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?
Answer: Catabolism is the process of breaking down larger
molecules into useful energy sources whereas anabolism is the
building up or biosynthesis od macromolecules from smaller
molecular units into larger complexes, most often associated with
cellular growth and repair
◉ ATP has the energy to ______, while ADP has the capacity to ______
energy.
Answer: Donate, accept
,◉ Chemotrophs can be subdivided into what two additional
subgroups?
Answer: Chemotrophs, which acquire energy from preformed
chemicals found in the environment, can be divided into either
organotrophs (removing electrons from organic molecules such as
glucose) or lithotrophs, which remove electrons from inorganic
molecules
◉ Chemotrophs utilize which form of phosphorylation?
Answer: Chemotrophs use oxidative phosphorylation (may also
accept substrate level phosphorylation). Oxidative phosphorylation
utilizes the energy released by the chemical oxidation of nutrients to
reform ATP
◉ What are the three distinct stages in the catabolism of glucose?
Answer: Glycolysis is the first step of this process and yields 2
molecules of ATP. Next, by either fermentation (or respiration) 2
additional molecules of ATP can be produces. Last, the electron
transport chain (ETC) produces 34 ATP via an oxidative
phosphorylation event at the plasma membrane.
◉ What are the reactants of glycolysis?
Answer: Reactants are defined as any molecules present and
involved at the beginning of a specific chemical reaction (ie)
, glycolysis. In terms of writing out a chemical reaction, the reactants
are everything located to the left of the arrow. The reactants of
glycolysis are glucose, the co-enzyme NAD+ and ATP.
◉ How are the TCA and ETC related?
Answer: The end products of the Kreb's (TCA) cycle are used to fuel
the electron transport chain. In other words, as the Kreb's cycle
(TCA) produces an abundance of reduced electron carriers (NADH
and FADH2), it fuels the ETC. As the electrons are transferred from
NADH/FADH2 to terminal electron acceptors a proton motor force is
generated, ATP synthase is activated and up to 34 molecules of ATP
can be produced.
◉ In the absence of sugars, are entirely different metabolic pathways
used to process alternative sugar sources (fructose or lactose)?
Answer: No. Additional enzymatic steps are simply required at the
beginning of catabolism to convert complex sugars into usable forms
of either glucose or a glucose intermediate (glucose-6-phosphate)
◉ Proteases are used to catabolize what?
Answer: Proteases are used to breakdown proteins (whereas lipases
are used to breakdown lipids)
◉ Excluding sugars, what are the other sources of energy? Which is
highest in energy?
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
◉ What is the primary function of enzymes, and how are they
regulated?
Answer: Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. Most notably, the
enzyme is not consumed during the reaction and can be used
repeatedly by the cell. Enzymes can also be regulated by a cofactor
such that in the absence of the proper cofactor, enzymes are inactive
while in its presence enzymes are active.
◉ What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?
Answer: Catabolism is the process of breaking down larger
molecules into useful energy sources whereas anabolism is the
building up or biosynthesis od macromolecules from smaller
molecular units into larger complexes, most often associated with
cellular growth and repair
◉ ATP has the energy to ______, while ADP has the capacity to ______
energy.
Answer: Donate, accept
,◉ Chemotrophs can be subdivided into what two additional
subgroups?
Answer: Chemotrophs, which acquire energy from preformed
chemicals found in the environment, can be divided into either
organotrophs (removing electrons from organic molecules such as
glucose) or lithotrophs, which remove electrons from inorganic
molecules
◉ Chemotrophs utilize which form of phosphorylation?
Answer: Chemotrophs use oxidative phosphorylation (may also
accept substrate level phosphorylation). Oxidative phosphorylation
utilizes the energy released by the chemical oxidation of nutrients to
reform ATP
◉ What are the three distinct stages in the catabolism of glucose?
Answer: Glycolysis is the first step of this process and yields 2
molecules of ATP. Next, by either fermentation (or respiration) 2
additional molecules of ATP can be produces. Last, the electron
transport chain (ETC) produces 34 ATP via an oxidative
phosphorylation event at the plasma membrane.
◉ What are the reactants of glycolysis?
Answer: Reactants are defined as any molecules present and
involved at the beginning of a specific chemical reaction (ie)
, glycolysis. In terms of writing out a chemical reaction, the reactants
are everything located to the left of the arrow. The reactants of
glycolysis are glucose, the co-enzyme NAD+ and ATP.
◉ How are the TCA and ETC related?
Answer: The end products of the Kreb's (TCA) cycle are used to fuel
the electron transport chain. In other words, as the Kreb's cycle
(TCA) produces an abundance of reduced electron carriers (NADH
and FADH2), it fuels the ETC. As the electrons are transferred from
NADH/FADH2 to terminal electron acceptors a proton motor force is
generated, ATP synthase is activated and up to 34 molecules of ATP
can be produced.
◉ In the absence of sugars, are entirely different metabolic pathways
used to process alternative sugar sources (fructose or lactose)?
Answer: No. Additional enzymatic steps are simply required at the
beginning of catabolism to convert complex sugars into usable forms
of either glucose or a glucose intermediate (glucose-6-phosphate)
◉ Proteases are used to catabolize what?
Answer: Proteases are used to breakdown proteins (whereas lipases
are used to breakdown lipids)
◉ Excluding sugars, what are the other sources of energy? Which is
highest in energy?
