MICN Pretest Study Guide 2026–2027 – Comprehensive
Exam Review, CCEMSA Protocols & Practice Questions
Define 3 Body Fluid Compartments - correct answers -1. Extracellular - body fluid outside the body's cell
2. Intracellular - body fluid inside the body's cell
3. Intravascular - body's fluid outside the body's cell and within the circulatory system.
Define Osmosis - correct answers -Movement of Fluid across semi-permeable membrane from lesser
solute to greater solute concentration. Dilutes concentrations back to homeostasis
Define Diffusion - correct answers -Exchange of gases across a membrane
Describe Fluid Shift when administered IV: Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic - correct answers -1. Isotonic
- no fluid shift due to same concentration of blood stream.
2. Hypertonic - fluid drawn into intravascular space from cells.
3. Hypotonic - fluid enters cell due to decreased osmotic pressure and decreased concentration.
2 Requirements of cellular function - correct answers -Oxygen and Glucose
What electrolyte predominates intra-cellular - correct answers -Potassium
What electrolyte predominates extra-cellular - correct answers -Sodium
Electrolyte that moves out during depolarization - correct answers -Potassium, while sodium moves in
via the "sodium potassium pump"
1
,Anaerobic Metabolism and its end product - correct answers -cellular metabolism that occurs WITHOUT
oxygen, producing lactic acid
Aerobic Metabolism and its end product - correct answers -cellular metabolism that occurs WITH
oxygen, producing carbonic acid
4 electrolytes for normal body functioning - correct answers -1. sodium - attracts water for hydration
2. potassium - transmission of electrical impulse, too much or too little causes dysrhythmias.
3. calcium - cardiac and skeletal muscle contractions, and nervous impulse transmission
4. bicarbonate - buffers excess acids and is released by kidneys
Results of abnormal levels of potassium - correct answers -electrical instability and DYSRHYTHMIAS
Define Stroke Volume - correct answers -amount of blood pumped by the heart in one contraction
(Normal is 80ml)
Define Cardiac Output - correct answers -1. amount of blood pumped by heart in one minute (normal 5-
6 Liter).
2. Stroke Volume x Heart Rate = Cardiac Output
Define Ventricular Diastole - correct answers -RELAXATION of ventricles
Define perfusion - correct answers -adequate blood supple to tissue and organ
2
, Atrial Kick - correct answers -occurs at end of systole, extra "kick" of blood into the ventricles. If lost in
rapid a-fib or SVT, there is decrease of SV or CO by 30%
Starling's Law - correct answers -Over-stretching of ventricles can worsen contractility like a worn out
rubber-band
Define Inotropy - correct answers -Force of Contraction (contractility)
Define Chronotropy - correct answers -Heart Rate
Define Atherosclerosis - correct answers -BLOCKAGE in the blood vessels caused by plaque deposits
Define Ischemia - correct answers -Tissues lack of adequate perfusion of blood
Define Angina Pectoris - correct answers -Chest pain caused by ischemia
Define Myocardial Infarction - correct answers -Death of Cardiac Muscle Tissue caused by ischemia
Define Preload - correct answers -amount of blood delivered during diastole, dependent on venous
return. Greater Preload, greater the stroke volume
Define Afterload - correct answers -resistance against which ventricles must contract, determined by
peripheral vascular resistance.
QRS Complex on EKG - correct answers -Contraction of heart muscle
3
Exam Review, CCEMSA Protocols & Practice Questions
Define 3 Body Fluid Compartments - correct answers -1. Extracellular - body fluid outside the body's cell
2. Intracellular - body fluid inside the body's cell
3. Intravascular - body's fluid outside the body's cell and within the circulatory system.
Define Osmosis - correct answers -Movement of Fluid across semi-permeable membrane from lesser
solute to greater solute concentration. Dilutes concentrations back to homeostasis
Define Diffusion - correct answers -Exchange of gases across a membrane
Describe Fluid Shift when administered IV: Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic - correct answers -1. Isotonic
- no fluid shift due to same concentration of blood stream.
2. Hypertonic - fluid drawn into intravascular space from cells.
3. Hypotonic - fluid enters cell due to decreased osmotic pressure and decreased concentration.
2 Requirements of cellular function - correct answers -Oxygen and Glucose
What electrolyte predominates intra-cellular - correct answers -Potassium
What electrolyte predominates extra-cellular - correct answers -Sodium
Electrolyte that moves out during depolarization - correct answers -Potassium, while sodium moves in
via the "sodium potassium pump"
1
,Anaerobic Metabolism and its end product - correct answers -cellular metabolism that occurs WITHOUT
oxygen, producing lactic acid
Aerobic Metabolism and its end product - correct answers -cellular metabolism that occurs WITH
oxygen, producing carbonic acid
4 electrolytes for normal body functioning - correct answers -1. sodium - attracts water for hydration
2. potassium - transmission of electrical impulse, too much or too little causes dysrhythmias.
3. calcium - cardiac and skeletal muscle contractions, and nervous impulse transmission
4. bicarbonate - buffers excess acids and is released by kidneys
Results of abnormal levels of potassium - correct answers -electrical instability and DYSRHYTHMIAS
Define Stroke Volume - correct answers -amount of blood pumped by the heart in one contraction
(Normal is 80ml)
Define Cardiac Output - correct answers -1. amount of blood pumped by heart in one minute (normal 5-
6 Liter).
2. Stroke Volume x Heart Rate = Cardiac Output
Define Ventricular Diastole - correct answers -RELAXATION of ventricles
Define perfusion - correct answers -adequate blood supple to tissue and organ
2
, Atrial Kick - correct answers -occurs at end of systole, extra "kick" of blood into the ventricles. If lost in
rapid a-fib or SVT, there is decrease of SV or CO by 30%
Starling's Law - correct answers -Over-stretching of ventricles can worsen contractility like a worn out
rubber-band
Define Inotropy - correct answers -Force of Contraction (contractility)
Define Chronotropy - correct answers -Heart Rate
Define Atherosclerosis - correct answers -BLOCKAGE in the blood vessels caused by plaque deposits
Define Ischemia - correct answers -Tissues lack of adequate perfusion of blood
Define Angina Pectoris - correct answers -Chest pain caused by ischemia
Define Myocardial Infarction - correct answers -Death of Cardiac Muscle Tissue caused by ischemia
Define Preload - correct answers -amount of blood delivered during diastole, dependent on venous
return. Greater Preload, greater the stroke volume
Define Afterload - correct answers -resistance against which ventricles must contract, determined by
peripheral vascular resistance.
QRS Complex on EKG - correct answers -Contraction of heart muscle
3
