BSNC MIDTERM EXAMS QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Exacerbation of Dyspnea signs - ✔✔- Increased dyspnea
- Sputum
- Yellow/green sputum = bacterial lung infection
- Severe coughing
- Fatigue
✔✔Dyspnea 0-4 - ✔✔0: Dyspnea with strenuous exercise
1: Dyspnea when hurrying/stairs
2: Dyspnea causing client to walk slower than normal
3: Dyspnea causing client to stop for a breath when walking a short distance
4: Dyspnea at rest, with daily activities, client can't leave home
✔✔Why does dyspnea occur? - ✔✔- Gas exchange impaired
- Perfusion impaired
- Anxiety
- Decrease in lung/chest compliance
- Airway resistance
- Neuromuscular dysfunction
- Gas transport problems
✔✔White/Clear Sputum - ✔✔Colds, viral infections, bronchitis, inflammation
✔✔Green/Yellow Sputum - ✔✔bacterial infection
✔✔Black Sputum - ✔✔Smoke or coal dust inhalation
✔✔Rust Sputum - ✔✔Tuberculosis, pneumonia, blood
, ✔✔Assessing Older Adults - ✔✔- Rigidity: Rib cage, ribs slanting down, kyphoscoliosis
= decreased chest expansion
- Less muscle mass
- Increased AP diameter
- Decreased elasticity of alveoli
- Decreased CO, vasoconstriction, anemia, and/or peripheral vascular disease
✔✔ Gas Exchange - ✔✔Process by which O2 is transported to cells and CO2 is
transported from cells
✔✔Scope of Gas Exchange - ✔✔Optimal - Impaired - Cessation
✔✔Hypoxia - ✔✔Low O2 delivery to tissues
✔✔Hypoxemia - ✔✔Decreased O2 in blood
✔✔Anoxia - ✔✔Lack of O2
✔✔Vital Capacity - ✔✔volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation
(Assesses strength of thoracic muscles and pulmonary function)
✔✔Vital Capacity Equation - ✔✔TV + IRV + ERV
✔✔Cilia - ✔✔Moves and sweeps away secretions or foreign bodies from the epithelial
surface
✔✔Chest Compliance - ✔✔Ability of chest to expand
✔✔Ventilation - ✔✔- CO2 levels rise
- Chemoreceptors transmit impulses to diaphragm
- Intercostal muscles contract
- Diaphragm contracts
- Negative pressure pulls O2 in from atmosphere
- Contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles increases the volume of
lungs
- Decrease in pressure
- Pressure gradient makes air flow into lungs
✔✔Alveolar-Capillary Diffusion - ✔✔- Nose warms and humidifies the air
- Air flows to alveoli through trachea and bronchi
- Alveolar walls lines with Type I alveolar cells which provide wall structure
- In between are Type II alveolar cells which produce surfactant
- O2 diffuses into pulmonary capillaries
- O2 dissolves into plasma and attaches to hemoglobin so that it can be transported to
cells
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Exacerbation of Dyspnea signs - ✔✔- Increased dyspnea
- Sputum
- Yellow/green sputum = bacterial lung infection
- Severe coughing
- Fatigue
✔✔Dyspnea 0-4 - ✔✔0: Dyspnea with strenuous exercise
1: Dyspnea when hurrying/stairs
2: Dyspnea causing client to walk slower than normal
3: Dyspnea causing client to stop for a breath when walking a short distance
4: Dyspnea at rest, with daily activities, client can't leave home
✔✔Why does dyspnea occur? - ✔✔- Gas exchange impaired
- Perfusion impaired
- Anxiety
- Decrease in lung/chest compliance
- Airway resistance
- Neuromuscular dysfunction
- Gas transport problems
✔✔White/Clear Sputum - ✔✔Colds, viral infections, bronchitis, inflammation
✔✔Green/Yellow Sputum - ✔✔bacterial infection
✔✔Black Sputum - ✔✔Smoke or coal dust inhalation
✔✔Rust Sputum - ✔✔Tuberculosis, pneumonia, blood
, ✔✔Assessing Older Adults - ✔✔- Rigidity: Rib cage, ribs slanting down, kyphoscoliosis
= decreased chest expansion
- Less muscle mass
- Increased AP diameter
- Decreased elasticity of alveoli
- Decreased CO, vasoconstriction, anemia, and/or peripheral vascular disease
✔✔ Gas Exchange - ✔✔Process by which O2 is transported to cells and CO2 is
transported from cells
✔✔Scope of Gas Exchange - ✔✔Optimal - Impaired - Cessation
✔✔Hypoxia - ✔✔Low O2 delivery to tissues
✔✔Hypoxemia - ✔✔Decreased O2 in blood
✔✔Anoxia - ✔✔Lack of O2
✔✔Vital Capacity - ✔✔volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation
(Assesses strength of thoracic muscles and pulmonary function)
✔✔Vital Capacity Equation - ✔✔TV + IRV + ERV
✔✔Cilia - ✔✔Moves and sweeps away secretions or foreign bodies from the epithelial
surface
✔✔Chest Compliance - ✔✔Ability of chest to expand
✔✔Ventilation - ✔✔- CO2 levels rise
- Chemoreceptors transmit impulses to diaphragm
- Intercostal muscles contract
- Diaphragm contracts
- Negative pressure pulls O2 in from atmosphere
- Contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles increases the volume of
lungs
- Decrease in pressure
- Pressure gradient makes air flow into lungs
✔✔Alveolar-Capillary Diffusion - ✔✔- Nose warms and humidifies the air
- Air flows to alveoli through trachea and bronchi
- Alveolar walls lines with Type I alveolar cells which provide wall structure
- In between are Type II alveolar cells which produce surfactant
- O2 diffuses into pulmonary capillaries
- O2 dissolves into plasma and attaches to hemoglobin so that it can be transported to
cells
