NAVLE CORRECT FINALS QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔What is the primary factor associated with pregnancy toxemia in ewes and goats?
A - Young age at parturition
B - Clostridium perfringens
C - Polioencephalomalacia
D - Inadequate nutrition
E - High sulfur, Low thiamine diet - ✔✔D
Pregnancy toxemia in ewes and goats is a severe form of ketosis most associated with
inadequate nutrition and TWINS in OLDER animals. Can occur in either thin or fat
animals whose dietary intake does not meet the high energy demands of late gestation.
Animals present off-feed in late gestation, often thin. Severe cases show neurologic
dysfunction progressing to recumbency, death.
High sulfur and low thiamine are associated with polioencephalomalacia, on your DDX
for a neurologic sheep/cattle.
✔✔What tumor type is a cat predisposed to developing at vaccination sites?
A - Squamous cell carcinoma
B - Fibrosarcoma
C - Melanoma
D - Lymphoma - ✔✔B
The correct answer is fibrosarcoma. Vaccine-associated fibrosarcomas are very well
documented in cats.
✔✔Which breeds are predisposed to mitral regurgitation? (The number one cause of
congestive heart failure in dogs).
,A - Cavalier King Charles spaniel, Cocker spaniel
B - Wirehaired fox terrier, Border collie
C - Great Dane, Afghan hound
D - Miniature schnauzer, German shepherd
E - Doberman pinscher, Boxer - ✔✔A
Think of mitral regurgitation/insufficiency in a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel of any age,
or in old male Cockers with a Hx of cough, labored breathing, and exercise intolerance.
Remember that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with fibrosis can cause similar
signs-primarily older animals.
Here are 4 other big cardio predispositions:
If you see an intermittently fainting Boxer, think of Boxer cardiomyopathy.
A rapid, irregular heart rate in a middle-aged, depressed, coughing, exercise-intolerant
Doberman, suggests dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).
Think of Sick Sinus Syndrome (SSS) when you hear "Fainting Female Min. Schnauzer".
Also see SSS in dachshunds, cockers, west highland whites.
Think Tetralogy of Fallot in a young Bulldog, Keeshond, Wirehaired Fox Terrier with
cyanosis, exercise intolerance.
Remember young Min. Schnauzers and Wirehaired Fox Terriers are predisposed to
Mega-esophagus.
✔✔Which one of the following sets of conditions predispose a cow to metritis?
A - Dystocia, overfeeding in dry period, Ca-P imbalance in feed
B - Agalactia, milk fever, bovine vibriosis
C - Strep. agalactiae mastitis, retained placenta, laminitis
D - Milk fever, malnutrition, excess dietary zinc
E - Contaminated calving environment, abortion, hypomagnesemia - ✔✔A
Cows are predisposed to post-parturient bovine metritis by many things, including:
-Dystocia
-Overfeeding in dry period
-Ca-P imbalance in feed
Cows are also predisposed to metritis by:
-Retained placenta
-Contaminated calving environment
-Abortion
-Malnutrition
,In cattle, the causative bacterial organisms isolated most often are Trueperella
pyogenes alone or with Fusobacterium necrophorum or other gram-negative
anaerobes.
Note the name changes - Trueperella pyogenes used to be called Arcanobacterium
pyogenes and before that it was classified as Corynebacterium pyogenes.
Specific diseases associated with bovine metritis or endometritis include brucellosis,
leptospirosis, trichomoniasis, and bovine campylobacter.
✔✔In canine patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, a chemistry panel would show:
A - Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia
B - Hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia
C - Hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia
D - Hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia - ✔✔D
The correct answer is hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia. Patients with primary
hyperparathyroidism would have hypercalcemia and normo to hypophosphatemia due
to the law of mass action in which phosphorus decreases as calcium increases and vice
versa.
✔✔A horse presents to your clinic after ingesting a large amount of grain. What is your
major concern?
A - Torsion
B - Acidosis
C - Impaction
D - Choke
E - Laminitis - ✔✔E
The correct answer is laminitis secondary to endotoxemia. Laminitis, endotoxemia, and
diarrhea are commonly associated with grain overload and appropriate therapy to
evacuate any remaining stomach contents, ameliorate endotoxin and prevent laminitis
should be instituted immediately. Laxatives such as mineral oil are commonly
administered.
✔✔A 2-year old male castrated mixed breed dog presents for an altered gait after being
hit by a car. On physical exam, the thoracic limbs had decreased biceps and triceps
reflexes and decreased muscle tone. The pelvic limbs had hyper-reflexive patellar and
gastrocnemius reflexes and increased muscle tone. Where is the spinal cord lesion?
A - L4-S3
B - C1-C5
C - T3-L3
D - C6-T2 - ✔✔D
, The correct answer is C6-T2. In a dog, the spinal cord is divided into the four regions
listed above. Upper motor neuron signs include hyper-reflexia of spinal reflexes and
increased muscle tone. Lower motor neuron signs include decreased or absent spinal
reflexes and decreased muscle tone. A lesion between the C6-T2 spinal cord segments
would result in lower motor neuron signs in the thoracic limbs and upper motor neuron
signs in the pelvic limbs, as described in the patient in the question.
A lesion between C1-C5 spinal cord segments would manifest as upper motor neuron
signs in the thoracic and pelvic limbs.
Lesions between T3-L3 spinal cord segments would not affect the thoracic limbs, but
would manifest as upper motor neuron signs in the pelvic limbs.
Lesions between L4-S3 spinal cord segments would result in normal thoracic limbs and
lower motor neuron signs in the pelvic limbs.
✔✔Which of the following is a causative agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
as shown in this image?
A - Thelazia
B - Histophilus somni
C - Moraxella bovis
D - E. coli - ✔✔C
The correct answer is Moraxella bovis. Thelazia is the eye worm. Histophilus somni is a
cause of many syndromes, but is rarely found in the eye. E. coli is not an ocular
pathogen.
✔✔An 11-year old Peruvian Paso presents with a history of progressive weight loss.
Serum chemistry shows elevation in sorbitol dehydrogenase, lactate, alkaline
phosphatase, and a decrease in albumin. A vast amount of Crotalaria spp. is seen in
the pasture. What type of toxin does Crotalaria spp. possess?
A - Nitrate
B - Organophosphate
C - Cyanide
D - Pyrrolizidine alkaloid - ✔✔D
The correct answer is pyrrolizidine alkaloid. The clinical signs described are typical for
pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity. Consumption of this plant typically results in abnormalities
in hepatic cell division; thus resulting in large hepatocytes known as megalocytosis.
✔✔Acromegaly is associated with what 3 diseases in cats?
A - Hypoadrenocorticism, Congestive heart failure, Hepatic lipidosis
B - Hyperadrenocorticism, Pleural effusion, Lameness
ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔What is the primary factor associated with pregnancy toxemia in ewes and goats?
A - Young age at parturition
B - Clostridium perfringens
C - Polioencephalomalacia
D - Inadequate nutrition
E - High sulfur, Low thiamine diet - ✔✔D
Pregnancy toxemia in ewes and goats is a severe form of ketosis most associated with
inadequate nutrition and TWINS in OLDER animals. Can occur in either thin or fat
animals whose dietary intake does not meet the high energy demands of late gestation.
Animals present off-feed in late gestation, often thin. Severe cases show neurologic
dysfunction progressing to recumbency, death.
High sulfur and low thiamine are associated with polioencephalomalacia, on your DDX
for a neurologic sheep/cattle.
✔✔What tumor type is a cat predisposed to developing at vaccination sites?
A - Squamous cell carcinoma
B - Fibrosarcoma
C - Melanoma
D - Lymphoma - ✔✔B
The correct answer is fibrosarcoma. Vaccine-associated fibrosarcomas are very well
documented in cats.
✔✔Which breeds are predisposed to mitral regurgitation? (The number one cause of
congestive heart failure in dogs).
,A - Cavalier King Charles spaniel, Cocker spaniel
B - Wirehaired fox terrier, Border collie
C - Great Dane, Afghan hound
D - Miniature schnauzer, German shepherd
E - Doberman pinscher, Boxer - ✔✔A
Think of mitral regurgitation/insufficiency in a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel of any age,
or in old male Cockers with a Hx of cough, labored breathing, and exercise intolerance.
Remember that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with fibrosis can cause similar
signs-primarily older animals.
Here are 4 other big cardio predispositions:
If you see an intermittently fainting Boxer, think of Boxer cardiomyopathy.
A rapid, irregular heart rate in a middle-aged, depressed, coughing, exercise-intolerant
Doberman, suggests dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).
Think of Sick Sinus Syndrome (SSS) when you hear "Fainting Female Min. Schnauzer".
Also see SSS in dachshunds, cockers, west highland whites.
Think Tetralogy of Fallot in a young Bulldog, Keeshond, Wirehaired Fox Terrier with
cyanosis, exercise intolerance.
Remember young Min. Schnauzers and Wirehaired Fox Terriers are predisposed to
Mega-esophagus.
✔✔Which one of the following sets of conditions predispose a cow to metritis?
A - Dystocia, overfeeding in dry period, Ca-P imbalance in feed
B - Agalactia, milk fever, bovine vibriosis
C - Strep. agalactiae mastitis, retained placenta, laminitis
D - Milk fever, malnutrition, excess dietary zinc
E - Contaminated calving environment, abortion, hypomagnesemia - ✔✔A
Cows are predisposed to post-parturient bovine metritis by many things, including:
-Dystocia
-Overfeeding in dry period
-Ca-P imbalance in feed
Cows are also predisposed to metritis by:
-Retained placenta
-Contaminated calving environment
-Abortion
-Malnutrition
,In cattle, the causative bacterial organisms isolated most often are Trueperella
pyogenes alone or with Fusobacterium necrophorum or other gram-negative
anaerobes.
Note the name changes - Trueperella pyogenes used to be called Arcanobacterium
pyogenes and before that it was classified as Corynebacterium pyogenes.
Specific diseases associated with bovine metritis or endometritis include brucellosis,
leptospirosis, trichomoniasis, and bovine campylobacter.
✔✔In canine patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, a chemistry panel would show:
A - Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia
B - Hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia
C - Hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia
D - Hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia - ✔✔D
The correct answer is hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia. Patients with primary
hyperparathyroidism would have hypercalcemia and normo to hypophosphatemia due
to the law of mass action in which phosphorus decreases as calcium increases and vice
versa.
✔✔A horse presents to your clinic after ingesting a large amount of grain. What is your
major concern?
A - Torsion
B - Acidosis
C - Impaction
D - Choke
E - Laminitis - ✔✔E
The correct answer is laminitis secondary to endotoxemia. Laminitis, endotoxemia, and
diarrhea are commonly associated with grain overload and appropriate therapy to
evacuate any remaining stomach contents, ameliorate endotoxin and prevent laminitis
should be instituted immediately. Laxatives such as mineral oil are commonly
administered.
✔✔A 2-year old male castrated mixed breed dog presents for an altered gait after being
hit by a car. On physical exam, the thoracic limbs had decreased biceps and triceps
reflexes and decreased muscle tone. The pelvic limbs had hyper-reflexive patellar and
gastrocnemius reflexes and increased muscle tone. Where is the spinal cord lesion?
A - L4-S3
B - C1-C5
C - T3-L3
D - C6-T2 - ✔✔D
, The correct answer is C6-T2. In a dog, the spinal cord is divided into the four regions
listed above. Upper motor neuron signs include hyper-reflexia of spinal reflexes and
increased muscle tone. Lower motor neuron signs include decreased or absent spinal
reflexes and decreased muscle tone. A lesion between the C6-T2 spinal cord segments
would result in lower motor neuron signs in the thoracic limbs and upper motor neuron
signs in the pelvic limbs, as described in the patient in the question.
A lesion between C1-C5 spinal cord segments would manifest as upper motor neuron
signs in the thoracic and pelvic limbs.
Lesions between T3-L3 spinal cord segments would not affect the thoracic limbs, but
would manifest as upper motor neuron signs in the pelvic limbs.
Lesions between L4-S3 spinal cord segments would result in normal thoracic limbs and
lower motor neuron signs in the pelvic limbs.
✔✔Which of the following is a causative agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
as shown in this image?
A - Thelazia
B - Histophilus somni
C - Moraxella bovis
D - E. coli - ✔✔C
The correct answer is Moraxella bovis. Thelazia is the eye worm. Histophilus somni is a
cause of many syndromes, but is rarely found in the eye. E. coli is not an ocular
pathogen.
✔✔An 11-year old Peruvian Paso presents with a history of progressive weight loss.
Serum chemistry shows elevation in sorbitol dehydrogenase, lactate, alkaline
phosphatase, and a decrease in albumin. A vast amount of Crotalaria spp. is seen in
the pasture. What type of toxin does Crotalaria spp. possess?
A - Nitrate
B - Organophosphate
C - Cyanide
D - Pyrrolizidine alkaloid - ✔✔D
The correct answer is pyrrolizidine alkaloid. The clinical signs described are typical for
pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity. Consumption of this plant typically results in abnormalities
in hepatic cell division; thus resulting in large hepatocytes known as megalocytosis.
✔✔Acromegaly is associated with what 3 diseases in cats?
A - Hypoadrenocorticism, Congestive heart failure, Hepatic lipidosis
B - Hyperadrenocorticism, Pleural effusion, Lameness
