NAVLE ACTUAL FINALS QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔Which one of the following choices is the best initial treatment in the patient with a
moderate elevation of calcium caused by idiopathic feline hypercalcemia?
A - Injectable fluids
B - Prednisolone
C - Diet change
D - Bisphosphonates
E - Furosemide - ✔✔C
Diet changes such as a high fiber food or food designed to treat renal disease may be
effective in restoring normocalcemia in the feline patient with Idiopathic hypercalcemia.
Prednisolone, fluid therapy, furosemide may be used in more severely affected patients
and when dietary therapy is ineffective.
Bisphosphonates may be utilized if increased osteoclastic activity is present.
✔✔Feline leukemia (FeLV) status has been shown to affect many aspects of disease
progression and treatment of lymphoma.
FeLV seropositive cats with lymphoma are similar to FeLV seronegative cats with
lymphoma in which one of the following aspects?
A - Remission rates
B - Treatment response
C - Survival time
D - Prevalence of gastrointestinal lymphoma
E - Prevalence of mediastinal lymphoma - ✔✔B
,Feline leukemia virus seropositive and seronegative cats share similar response rates
to initial treatment with chemotherapy for lymphoma.
Lymphoma remission rates are higher and survival times are shorter for cats with FeLV
compared with FeLV negative cats.
Most U.S. cats with mediastinal, multicentric, or spinal forms of lymphoma are FeLV-
positive.
✔✔This calf was aborted at 7.5 months pregnancy in early fall. The dam was a
primiparous beef animal housed on pasture in Northern California.
Necropsy revealed multiple petechial hemorrhages on the palate and scleral mucus
membranes of the fetus, and marked lymphadenopathy. The calf was not decomposed;
the cow retained the placenta.
image
Which one of the following choices is the most likely diagnosis of the abortion in this
case?
A - Leptospira pomona
B - Brucella abortus
C - Neospora caninun
D - Pine needles
E - Foothill abortion agent - ✔✔E
This is a typical case of foothill abortion, also called epizootic bovine abortion. The
condition is common in the coastal and Sierra Nevada foothills, and throughout much of
the western United States. It is the most common cause of abortion in California beef
cattle.
The etiologic agent has not been identified with certainty. Research suggests that it is a
delta protobacteria with DNA homology to bacteria of the vibrio genus. Pregnant cattle
exposed to thymic tissues from aborted fetuses can be protected from abortion by
feeding tetracycline through the early stages of pregnancy.
The agent is transmitted by the soft shelled Pajahuello tick (Ornithodorus coriaceus).
The disease occurs predominantly in heifers. Infection develops during the first trimester
of pregnancy while abortions occur later around the 5th to 9th month.
Exposed cattle develop immunity, but it is not known how long protection lasts.
However, abortion does not often recur in these animals. The presence of petechial
hemorrhages and lymphadenopathy in a late-term aborted fetus is suggestive of foothill
abortion.
,Neospora is another common abortifacient of beef cattle, but does not produce
lymhadenopathy or petechiae in the fetus. Leptospirosis, brucellosis, and pine needles
also do not produce the same pathologic lesions as the foothill agent.
✔✔An adopted adult cat from a shelter with an unknown vaccination history tests
positive for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection by IFA. What should the owner be
told?
A - Possible transient FeLV infection
B - Need an ELISA test in 12 weeks to confirm diagnosis
C - Cat may be vaccinated for FeLV
D - Need a Western blot test to confirm diagnosis
E - Strong chance of lifelong FeLV infection - ✔✔E
97% of cats positive for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) by IFA remain persistently infected
and viremic for life.
The FeLV ELISA is more seNsitive than the IFA (fewer false Negs, so trust a NEG test
more), so it is a better general screening test with which to start. Click here for a
diagram.
The FeLV IFA is more sPecific than the ELISA, (fewer false Pos, so trust a POS test
more) so it is a better confirmatory test for any cats with a positive FeLV ELISA. Click
here for a diagram.
THREE things to remember about FeLV and vaccinations:
1. FeLV ELISA and IFA tests measure ANTIGEN, not antibody, so FeLV vaccination
does NOT interfere with testing.
2.Vaccinate FeLV-positive cats yearly against respiratory, enteric viruses with
inactivated vaccines.
3. FeLV vaccination for FeLV-negative cats has been associated with sarcomas.
Vaccinate LOW on the LEFT hind.
✔✔A 5-year old Arabian mare is presented. The owner is not happy. This same horse
was treated for strangles 2 weeks ago, and now the mare is sick again.
The horse has a 48-hour history of urticarial wheals on its skin that progressed to
sharply demarcated edema of the muzzle, eyes, belly and limbs. She reacts as if it is
painful when the edema is checked. The horse breathes heavily, with stridor, dyspnea
and diarrhea. There is petechiation and ecchymoses on the mucous membranes and
the muzzle is a reddish, mulberry color.
T=102.2 F (39 C)..[N=99-101.3 F, N=37.2-38.5 C]
HR=32 bpm..........[N=28-40]
RR=12 brpm.........[N=10-14]
, What is the clinical diagnosis?
A - Potomac Horse Fever
B - Equine salmonellosis
C - Lyme disease
D - Purpura hemorrhagica
E - Equine viral arteritis (EVA) - ✔✔D
History of strangles, Streptococcus equi equi followed 2 weeks later by a mixed clinical
picture(ie: afebrile, purpura, painful edema, respiratory difficulty, diarrhea or colic) is a
classic presentation for Purpura hemorrhagica.
Most common cause is sensitization to Strep equi from strangles or Strep equi bacterin
vaccine. Less commonly see after Equine influenza, or chronic suppurating wounds.
Due to immune complexes damaging vasculature.
For edema in horses, remember "Big 3 are PEE" Purpura, EIA, EVA.
Potomac Horse Fever (Neorickettsia risticii) presents as a febrile colitis/diarrhea, with
laminitis 3-5 d after diarrhea: A big rule out is Salmonella (think septicemia/fever +
diarrhea). PHF occurs in northeastern U.S. river valleys in JULY and AUGUST.
Lyme disease presents as lameness. ie: arthritic joint(s), low grade fever, reluctant to
move. More a dog, human disease.
With Equine viral arteritis (EVA) see conjunctivitis, rhinitis. If very sick, see severe
depression, cough, ventral edema, limb edema.
✔✔A flock from a local broiler poultry farm is presented. Half of the flock has died in the
last 10 days. Examination of the flock shows chickens that are gasping and coughing,
extending their necks to inhale. Some have blood-stained beaks. There are no obvious
neurologic signs. The most likely presumptive diagnosis is?
A - Infectious coryza
B - Infectious laryngotracheitis
C - Fowl pox, diphtheritic form
D - Viscerotropic Velogenic Newcastle disease
E - Marek's disease - ✔✔B
Blood in the trachea and this Hx suggest infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT). A highly
contagious herpesvirus infection, ILT is characterized by RESPIRATORY signs (rales,
severe dyspnea, coughing). In severe forms, mortality can reach 50%, typically due to
occlusion of the trachea by blood, mucus or caseous exudates. In most states ILT is
REPORTABLE.
ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔Which one of the following choices is the best initial treatment in the patient with a
moderate elevation of calcium caused by idiopathic feline hypercalcemia?
A - Injectable fluids
B - Prednisolone
C - Diet change
D - Bisphosphonates
E - Furosemide - ✔✔C
Diet changes such as a high fiber food or food designed to treat renal disease may be
effective in restoring normocalcemia in the feline patient with Idiopathic hypercalcemia.
Prednisolone, fluid therapy, furosemide may be used in more severely affected patients
and when dietary therapy is ineffective.
Bisphosphonates may be utilized if increased osteoclastic activity is present.
✔✔Feline leukemia (FeLV) status has been shown to affect many aspects of disease
progression and treatment of lymphoma.
FeLV seropositive cats with lymphoma are similar to FeLV seronegative cats with
lymphoma in which one of the following aspects?
A - Remission rates
B - Treatment response
C - Survival time
D - Prevalence of gastrointestinal lymphoma
E - Prevalence of mediastinal lymphoma - ✔✔B
,Feline leukemia virus seropositive and seronegative cats share similar response rates
to initial treatment with chemotherapy for lymphoma.
Lymphoma remission rates are higher and survival times are shorter for cats with FeLV
compared with FeLV negative cats.
Most U.S. cats with mediastinal, multicentric, or spinal forms of lymphoma are FeLV-
positive.
✔✔This calf was aborted at 7.5 months pregnancy in early fall. The dam was a
primiparous beef animal housed on pasture in Northern California.
Necropsy revealed multiple petechial hemorrhages on the palate and scleral mucus
membranes of the fetus, and marked lymphadenopathy. The calf was not decomposed;
the cow retained the placenta.
image
Which one of the following choices is the most likely diagnosis of the abortion in this
case?
A - Leptospira pomona
B - Brucella abortus
C - Neospora caninun
D - Pine needles
E - Foothill abortion agent - ✔✔E
This is a typical case of foothill abortion, also called epizootic bovine abortion. The
condition is common in the coastal and Sierra Nevada foothills, and throughout much of
the western United States. It is the most common cause of abortion in California beef
cattle.
The etiologic agent has not been identified with certainty. Research suggests that it is a
delta protobacteria with DNA homology to bacteria of the vibrio genus. Pregnant cattle
exposed to thymic tissues from aborted fetuses can be protected from abortion by
feeding tetracycline through the early stages of pregnancy.
The agent is transmitted by the soft shelled Pajahuello tick (Ornithodorus coriaceus).
The disease occurs predominantly in heifers. Infection develops during the first trimester
of pregnancy while abortions occur later around the 5th to 9th month.
Exposed cattle develop immunity, but it is not known how long protection lasts.
However, abortion does not often recur in these animals. The presence of petechial
hemorrhages and lymphadenopathy in a late-term aborted fetus is suggestive of foothill
abortion.
,Neospora is another common abortifacient of beef cattle, but does not produce
lymhadenopathy or petechiae in the fetus. Leptospirosis, brucellosis, and pine needles
also do not produce the same pathologic lesions as the foothill agent.
✔✔An adopted adult cat from a shelter with an unknown vaccination history tests
positive for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection by IFA. What should the owner be
told?
A - Possible transient FeLV infection
B - Need an ELISA test in 12 weeks to confirm diagnosis
C - Cat may be vaccinated for FeLV
D - Need a Western blot test to confirm diagnosis
E - Strong chance of lifelong FeLV infection - ✔✔E
97% of cats positive for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) by IFA remain persistently infected
and viremic for life.
The FeLV ELISA is more seNsitive than the IFA (fewer false Negs, so trust a NEG test
more), so it is a better general screening test with which to start. Click here for a
diagram.
The FeLV IFA is more sPecific than the ELISA, (fewer false Pos, so trust a POS test
more) so it is a better confirmatory test for any cats with a positive FeLV ELISA. Click
here for a diagram.
THREE things to remember about FeLV and vaccinations:
1. FeLV ELISA and IFA tests measure ANTIGEN, not antibody, so FeLV vaccination
does NOT interfere with testing.
2.Vaccinate FeLV-positive cats yearly against respiratory, enteric viruses with
inactivated vaccines.
3. FeLV vaccination for FeLV-negative cats has been associated with sarcomas.
Vaccinate LOW on the LEFT hind.
✔✔A 5-year old Arabian mare is presented. The owner is not happy. This same horse
was treated for strangles 2 weeks ago, and now the mare is sick again.
The horse has a 48-hour history of urticarial wheals on its skin that progressed to
sharply demarcated edema of the muzzle, eyes, belly and limbs. She reacts as if it is
painful when the edema is checked. The horse breathes heavily, with stridor, dyspnea
and diarrhea. There is petechiation and ecchymoses on the mucous membranes and
the muzzle is a reddish, mulberry color.
T=102.2 F (39 C)..[N=99-101.3 F, N=37.2-38.5 C]
HR=32 bpm..........[N=28-40]
RR=12 brpm.........[N=10-14]
, What is the clinical diagnosis?
A - Potomac Horse Fever
B - Equine salmonellosis
C - Lyme disease
D - Purpura hemorrhagica
E - Equine viral arteritis (EVA) - ✔✔D
History of strangles, Streptococcus equi equi followed 2 weeks later by a mixed clinical
picture(ie: afebrile, purpura, painful edema, respiratory difficulty, diarrhea or colic) is a
classic presentation for Purpura hemorrhagica.
Most common cause is sensitization to Strep equi from strangles or Strep equi bacterin
vaccine. Less commonly see after Equine influenza, or chronic suppurating wounds.
Due to immune complexes damaging vasculature.
For edema in horses, remember "Big 3 are PEE" Purpura, EIA, EVA.
Potomac Horse Fever (Neorickettsia risticii) presents as a febrile colitis/diarrhea, with
laminitis 3-5 d after diarrhea: A big rule out is Salmonella (think septicemia/fever +
diarrhea). PHF occurs in northeastern U.S. river valleys in JULY and AUGUST.
Lyme disease presents as lameness. ie: arthritic joint(s), low grade fever, reluctant to
move. More a dog, human disease.
With Equine viral arteritis (EVA) see conjunctivitis, rhinitis. If very sick, see severe
depression, cough, ventral edema, limb edema.
✔✔A flock from a local broiler poultry farm is presented. Half of the flock has died in the
last 10 days. Examination of the flock shows chickens that are gasping and coughing,
extending their necks to inhale. Some have blood-stained beaks. There are no obvious
neurologic signs. The most likely presumptive diagnosis is?
A - Infectious coryza
B - Infectious laryngotracheitis
C - Fowl pox, diphtheritic form
D - Viscerotropic Velogenic Newcastle disease
E - Marek's disease - ✔✔B
Blood in the trachea and this Hx suggest infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT). A highly
contagious herpesvirus infection, ILT is characterized by RESPIRATORY signs (rales,
severe dyspnea, coughing). In severe forms, mortality can reach 50%, typically due to
occlusion of the trachea by blood, mucus or caseous exudates. In most states ILT is
REPORTABLE.
