NURS 2502: Final Exam Study Guide
Questions with 100% Verified Correct Answers
Single-site or multisystem trauma
Type of trauma affecting one or multiple systems.
Major causes of musculoskeletal injuries
Falls, motor vehicle collisions (MVCs), assaults, sports injuries, home & workplace
accidents.
Blunt trauma
A type of damage resulting from a forceful impact.
Tendon/ligament disruption
Injury resulting in the tearing or stretching of tendons or ligaments.
Bone fractures
Breaks in the continuity of the bone.
Contusion
Direct trauma resulting in a bruise due to ruptured blood vessels.
Hematoma
Large localized hemorrhage into tissue that causes pain upon pressure.
Laceration
Skin tearing or loss of skin continuity.
Healing of Soft Tissue
,Involves inflammatory phase, proliferative phase, and remodeling phase.
Acute Injuries
Sudden trauma resulting in soft tissue injuries like contusions, strains, sprains, or fractures.
Chronic/Overuse Injuries
Injuries such as stress fractures caused by repetitive microstress without recovery.
Fracture Risk Factors
Includes glucocorticoid therapy, family history, low body weight, smoking, excessive
alcohol, ethnicity, advanced age, prior fractures, and chronic diseases.
Transverse Fracture
Fracture that is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone.
Oblique Fracture
Fracture line at an angle, often caused by angled falls or impacts.
Spiral Fracture
Fracture caused by a rotational mechanism, often seen in sports or accidents.
Comminuted Fracture
Bone broken into multiple fragments, typically due to high-energy impact.
Fracture Healing Stages
Includes hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus, bony callus, and remodeling.
Early Fracture Complications
Includes compartment syndrome, fat embolism syndrome, infection, and vascular injury.
, Late Fracture Complications
Includes delayed union, malunion, nonunion, avascular necrosis, and osteomyelitis.
Osteomyelitis
Infection of the bone that can occur from direct contamination, hematogenous spread, or
vascular insufficiency.
Clinical Manifestations of Osteomyelitis
Local pain, swelling, redness, fever/chills, and chronic draining sinus.
Treatment of Osteomyelitis
Includes prolonged IV antibiotics, debridement, surgical removal of necrotic bone, and
revascularization.
Osteonecrosis
Bone death due to interrupted blood supply, often caused by trauma, thrombosis, steroid
therapy, or alcoholism.
Blood Supply Concept in Bone
Bone receives blood via periosteal, medullary, and epiphyseal vessels; interruption leads to
ischemia and bone death.
Bladder Cancer Overview
Malignant growth in bladder urothelium, most common in elderly, with men at higher risk.
Risk Factors for Bladder Cancer
Age over 40, male gender, cigarette smoking, occupational exposures, chronic UTIs, urinary
tract tuberculosis, and Caucasian ethnicity.
Questions with 100% Verified Correct Answers
Single-site or multisystem trauma
Type of trauma affecting one or multiple systems.
Major causes of musculoskeletal injuries
Falls, motor vehicle collisions (MVCs), assaults, sports injuries, home & workplace
accidents.
Blunt trauma
A type of damage resulting from a forceful impact.
Tendon/ligament disruption
Injury resulting in the tearing or stretching of tendons or ligaments.
Bone fractures
Breaks in the continuity of the bone.
Contusion
Direct trauma resulting in a bruise due to ruptured blood vessels.
Hematoma
Large localized hemorrhage into tissue that causes pain upon pressure.
Laceration
Skin tearing or loss of skin continuity.
Healing of Soft Tissue
,Involves inflammatory phase, proliferative phase, and remodeling phase.
Acute Injuries
Sudden trauma resulting in soft tissue injuries like contusions, strains, sprains, or fractures.
Chronic/Overuse Injuries
Injuries such as stress fractures caused by repetitive microstress without recovery.
Fracture Risk Factors
Includes glucocorticoid therapy, family history, low body weight, smoking, excessive
alcohol, ethnicity, advanced age, prior fractures, and chronic diseases.
Transverse Fracture
Fracture that is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone.
Oblique Fracture
Fracture line at an angle, often caused by angled falls or impacts.
Spiral Fracture
Fracture caused by a rotational mechanism, often seen in sports or accidents.
Comminuted Fracture
Bone broken into multiple fragments, typically due to high-energy impact.
Fracture Healing Stages
Includes hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus, bony callus, and remodeling.
Early Fracture Complications
Includes compartment syndrome, fat embolism syndrome, infection, and vascular injury.
, Late Fracture Complications
Includes delayed union, malunion, nonunion, avascular necrosis, and osteomyelitis.
Osteomyelitis
Infection of the bone that can occur from direct contamination, hematogenous spread, or
vascular insufficiency.
Clinical Manifestations of Osteomyelitis
Local pain, swelling, redness, fever/chills, and chronic draining sinus.
Treatment of Osteomyelitis
Includes prolonged IV antibiotics, debridement, surgical removal of necrotic bone, and
revascularization.
Osteonecrosis
Bone death due to interrupted blood supply, often caused by trauma, thrombosis, steroid
therapy, or alcoholism.
Blood Supply Concept in Bone
Bone receives blood via periosteal, medullary, and epiphyseal vessels; interruption leads to
ischemia and bone death.
Bladder Cancer Overview
Malignant growth in bladder urothelium, most common in elderly, with men at higher risk.
Risk Factors for Bladder Cancer
Age over 40, male gender, cigarette smoking, occupational exposures, chronic UTIs, urinary
tract tuberculosis, and Caucasian ethnicity.
