General Biology
Chapter 1: Transport in Animals and ● Question: What is the largest artery in the body?
Aorta
Plants ● Veins, thin-walled vessels compared to arteries, carry
non-oxygenated blood towards the heart, except for
Lesson 1: Transport in Animals the pulmonary vein.
● Question: What are the two largest veins in the body?
The Human Transport System Superior and inferior vena cava
● The structures of the circulatory system and their ● Capillaries, which are very thin, serve as sites
functions are uniquely adapted to keep the complex through which materials between the blood and cells
organisms alive. are exchanged.
● Question: What are the basic functions of the
circulatory system in complex organisms? VALVES
● Valves are flaps of tissues that prevent the backward
The circulatory system flow or regurgitation of blood.
● supplies gases, nutrients, and hormones to the BLOOD
different parts of the body; ● It is the internal circulating medium of the human Patterns of Circulation
● collect metabolic wastes for acid-base balance and body. Blood circulation in the body can be divided into two:
immunological reactions; ● Question: What is the main function of the blood? a. Pulmonary circulation is the movement of blood
● regulate homeostatic reactions of the body. ● It consists of 55% plasma, and 45% blood cells or from the heart to the lungs, and back to the heart.
FOUR COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: formed elements namely, the red blood cells b. Systemic circulation begins when oxygenated blood
HEART,BLOOD,VALVES, BLOOD VESSELS (erythrocytes) and the white blood cells (leucocytes). is delivered from the aorta to the different parts of the
● Blood platelets (thrombocytes) are essential for blood body.
clotting. ● Coronary circulation is a subsystem that supplies
HEART
● A muscular organ that pumps blood to all parts of the blood to the heart itself.
body. BLOOD VESSELS ● Renal circulation is another subsystem that moves
● Hearts beat around 2.5 billion times without ● Question: What is the main function of blood vessels the blood through the kidney back to the heart.
interruption. in our body?
● Every minute, a normal adult heart beats around 72 ● Three types of blood vessels: Transport in Simple Animals
times and pumps around 5.5 liters of blood. a. Arteries
● In animals, the nature of the circulatory system varies
● The heart is composed of what kind of muscle? b. Veins
depending on the size, complexity and habitat of an
Cardiac muscle (involuntary, striated type of muscle, c. Capillaries
organism.
with associated nervous and connective tissues) ● Types of circulation:
a. open circulation
b. close circulation
● In the open circulatory system, the circulating fluid
or hemolymph does not pass through enclosed tubes;
instead, it is pumped by the heart to a network of
channels and cavities (hemocoels) throughout the
body.
● In the closed circulatory system, the blood or the
circulating fluid passes within blood vessels that
transport blood away from and back to the heart.
Lesson 2: Transport in Plants
Pathways for Water and Minerals in Plants
● Generally, plants are classified as either nonvascular
(no xylem and phloem) or vascular (with xylem and
phloem).
● Question: What is the difference between xylem and
phloem based on their function?
● Arteries are thick-walled vessels which allow the
Xylem Transport
passage of oxygenated blood, except the pulmonary
artery. ● Transpiration (the release of water vapor through
Reviewer nina Jillian at Monique | 1
, General Biology
openings in the leaves) causes a pressure that pulls The Human Respiratory system
the water up.
Question: What is the main function of our respiratory system?
The lungs and respiratory system allow us to breathe.
They bring oxygen into our bodies and send carbon dioxide out.
This exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is called
respiration.
Breathing is an involuntary process that occurs
simultaneously with the circulation of the blood.
Air Passage and Gas Exchange
Two Types of Gas Exchange in the Human Body:
- External respiration is the exchange of gases
between the atmosphere and the lungs.
- Internal respiration is gas exchange between the
cells and the blood.
External Respiration
Involves the following organs:
Nose. Two openings in the nose serve as the
entrance for the passage of air into the body. These openings
are called nostrils.
Pharynx. It contains the passageway for food and air.
When food is swallowed, a flap of cartilage called epiglottis
presses down and covers the opening of the air passageway.
● Water potential is said to be the main factor that Larynx. Sounds are produced when air is forced past
regulates the transport process in plants. It is used to two vocal cords that stretch across the larynx.
predict where water will move. Trachea. It is about 10 cm long and 2.5 cm wide and
● Guttation process is the movement of water to the is lined with mucous membranes and cilia. It is divided into two
leaves in liquid form along leaf margin because of root There are three different transport pathways through hollow branches.
pressure. which water and minerals pass to reach the xylem tissues along Bronchi. Each bronchus is attached to the lungs; it
the central part of roots: branches into smaller and smaller tubes. The inner lining of the
Phloem Transport a. The apoplast pathway includes movement through bronchi is lined with cilia and mucus that help filter air.
the cell walls and the spaces between cells. Lungs. Large, spongy, and elastic sac-like structures
● Food produced by plants is distributed by the phloem
b. The symplast pathway, water and minerals pass suspended from each side of the heart, inside the chest cavity.
tissues in a process called translocation.
through a continuum of cytoplasm between cells, Inside the lungs the bronchus divides into smaller branches, the
● Turgor pressure, which results from the influx of
which is called plasmodesma. bronchial tubes.
water into the cell causing the plasma membrane to
c. The transmembrane transport involves transport These bronchial tubes branch repeatedly into even
push against the cell wall, is what drives phloem
between cells across the membranes of vacuoles microscopic tubes called bronchioles. Each bronchiole opens
transport.
within the cells. into thin-walled bulb-shaped structures called air sacs or
● Dissolved carbohydrates flow from a source are
alveoli cells.
brought to a sink where these are either utilized or
stored. Lesson 3: Gas Exchange in Animals Internal Respiration
● Sucrose travels to a companion cell to sieve cells In the air sacs, oxygen diffuses through the capillaries
Ways of Gas Exchange and into the bloodstream. It then combines with the hemoglobin
through symplast. But mostly pass through the In sponges and other animals with simple body
Apoplast pathway. as it is carried to the body cells, and exchange with that, gives
organization, gas exchange is carried out in a somewhat simple
off waste in the form of carbon dioxide and water, and enters
way which is by diffusion through their cell membranes.
the blood.
In fishes, gas exchange is made more efficient
through the countercurrent flow where the blood and water Lesson 4: Gas Exchange in Plants
meet in opposite directions. The Nature and Function of the Stomata
In amphibians, under water, they use their skins for Stomata is considered the "breathing organs" of the
gas exchange, which is also referred to as cutaneous plants.
breathing. On land, they use their lungs, and sometimes their Stomata are minute openings in the leaves of plants
moist skin. flanked by a pair of sausage-shape cells called the guard cells.
Stomata serve as an entry of carbon dioxide and exit
of oxygen gas in plants.
Reviewer nina Jillian at Monique | 2
Chapter 1: Transport in Animals and ● Question: What is the largest artery in the body?
Aorta
Plants ● Veins, thin-walled vessels compared to arteries, carry
non-oxygenated blood towards the heart, except for
Lesson 1: Transport in Animals the pulmonary vein.
● Question: What are the two largest veins in the body?
The Human Transport System Superior and inferior vena cava
● The structures of the circulatory system and their ● Capillaries, which are very thin, serve as sites
functions are uniquely adapted to keep the complex through which materials between the blood and cells
organisms alive. are exchanged.
● Question: What are the basic functions of the
circulatory system in complex organisms? VALVES
● Valves are flaps of tissues that prevent the backward
The circulatory system flow or regurgitation of blood.
● supplies gases, nutrients, and hormones to the BLOOD
different parts of the body; ● It is the internal circulating medium of the human Patterns of Circulation
● collect metabolic wastes for acid-base balance and body. Blood circulation in the body can be divided into two:
immunological reactions; ● Question: What is the main function of the blood? a. Pulmonary circulation is the movement of blood
● regulate homeostatic reactions of the body. ● It consists of 55% plasma, and 45% blood cells or from the heart to the lungs, and back to the heart.
FOUR COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: formed elements namely, the red blood cells b. Systemic circulation begins when oxygenated blood
HEART,BLOOD,VALVES, BLOOD VESSELS (erythrocytes) and the white blood cells (leucocytes). is delivered from the aorta to the different parts of the
● Blood platelets (thrombocytes) are essential for blood body.
clotting. ● Coronary circulation is a subsystem that supplies
HEART
● A muscular organ that pumps blood to all parts of the blood to the heart itself.
body. BLOOD VESSELS ● Renal circulation is another subsystem that moves
● Hearts beat around 2.5 billion times without ● Question: What is the main function of blood vessels the blood through the kidney back to the heart.
interruption. in our body?
● Every minute, a normal adult heart beats around 72 ● Three types of blood vessels: Transport in Simple Animals
times and pumps around 5.5 liters of blood. a. Arteries
● In animals, the nature of the circulatory system varies
● The heart is composed of what kind of muscle? b. Veins
depending on the size, complexity and habitat of an
Cardiac muscle (involuntary, striated type of muscle, c. Capillaries
organism.
with associated nervous and connective tissues) ● Types of circulation:
a. open circulation
b. close circulation
● In the open circulatory system, the circulating fluid
or hemolymph does not pass through enclosed tubes;
instead, it is pumped by the heart to a network of
channels and cavities (hemocoels) throughout the
body.
● In the closed circulatory system, the blood or the
circulating fluid passes within blood vessels that
transport blood away from and back to the heart.
Lesson 2: Transport in Plants
Pathways for Water and Minerals in Plants
● Generally, plants are classified as either nonvascular
(no xylem and phloem) or vascular (with xylem and
phloem).
● Question: What is the difference between xylem and
phloem based on their function?
● Arteries are thick-walled vessels which allow the
Xylem Transport
passage of oxygenated blood, except the pulmonary
artery. ● Transpiration (the release of water vapor through
Reviewer nina Jillian at Monique | 1
, General Biology
openings in the leaves) causes a pressure that pulls The Human Respiratory system
the water up.
Question: What is the main function of our respiratory system?
The lungs and respiratory system allow us to breathe.
They bring oxygen into our bodies and send carbon dioxide out.
This exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is called
respiration.
Breathing is an involuntary process that occurs
simultaneously with the circulation of the blood.
Air Passage and Gas Exchange
Two Types of Gas Exchange in the Human Body:
- External respiration is the exchange of gases
between the atmosphere and the lungs.
- Internal respiration is gas exchange between the
cells and the blood.
External Respiration
Involves the following organs:
Nose. Two openings in the nose serve as the
entrance for the passage of air into the body. These openings
are called nostrils.
Pharynx. It contains the passageway for food and air.
When food is swallowed, a flap of cartilage called epiglottis
presses down and covers the opening of the air passageway.
● Water potential is said to be the main factor that Larynx. Sounds are produced when air is forced past
regulates the transport process in plants. It is used to two vocal cords that stretch across the larynx.
predict where water will move. Trachea. It is about 10 cm long and 2.5 cm wide and
● Guttation process is the movement of water to the is lined with mucous membranes and cilia. It is divided into two
leaves in liquid form along leaf margin because of root There are three different transport pathways through hollow branches.
pressure. which water and minerals pass to reach the xylem tissues along Bronchi. Each bronchus is attached to the lungs; it
the central part of roots: branches into smaller and smaller tubes. The inner lining of the
Phloem Transport a. The apoplast pathway includes movement through bronchi is lined with cilia and mucus that help filter air.
the cell walls and the spaces between cells. Lungs. Large, spongy, and elastic sac-like structures
● Food produced by plants is distributed by the phloem
b. The symplast pathway, water and minerals pass suspended from each side of the heart, inside the chest cavity.
tissues in a process called translocation.
through a continuum of cytoplasm between cells, Inside the lungs the bronchus divides into smaller branches, the
● Turgor pressure, which results from the influx of
which is called plasmodesma. bronchial tubes.
water into the cell causing the plasma membrane to
c. The transmembrane transport involves transport These bronchial tubes branch repeatedly into even
push against the cell wall, is what drives phloem
between cells across the membranes of vacuoles microscopic tubes called bronchioles. Each bronchiole opens
transport.
within the cells. into thin-walled bulb-shaped structures called air sacs or
● Dissolved carbohydrates flow from a source are
alveoli cells.
brought to a sink where these are either utilized or
stored. Lesson 3: Gas Exchange in Animals Internal Respiration
● Sucrose travels to a companion cell to sieve cells In the air sacs, oxygen diffuses through the capillaries
Ways of Gas Exchange and into the bloodstream. It then combines with the hemoglobin
through symplast. But mostly pass through the In sponges and other animals with simple body
Apoplast pathway. as it is carried to the body cells, and exchange with that, gives
organization, gas exchange is carried out in a somewhat simple
off waste in the form of carbon dioxide and water, and enters
way which is by diffusion through their cell membranes.
the blood.
In fishes, gas exchange is made more efficient
through the countercurrent flow where the blood and water Lesson 4: Gas Exchange in Plants
meet in opposite directions. The Nature and Function of the Stomata
In amphibians, under water, they use their skins for Stomata is considered the "breathing organs" of the
gas exchange, which is also referred to as cutaneous plants.
breathing. On land, they use their lungs, and sometimes their Stomata are minute openings in the leaves of plants
moist skin. flanked by a pair of sausage-shape cells called the guard cells.
Stomata serve as an entry of carbon dioxide and exit
of oxygen gas in plants.
Reviewer nina Jillian at Monique | 2
