FINAL EXAM ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY,
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINALS
(2026/2027) UPDATE|EXAM 160
QUESTIONS WITH MULTIPLE
CHOICES |VERIFIED & REVISED
ANSWERS (NEW)!!!
physiologicmjaundicem-mCORRECTmANSWERmAm3-
daymoldminfantmismnotedmtomhavemammildlymelevatedmunconjugatedmbilirubinmlevelmandmicterus.mYo
urmconcernmismthatmthismchildmmaymhave:
a.mphysiologicmjaundice
b.mkernicterus
c.mglucose-6-phosphatemdehydrogenasemdeficiency
d.mpathologicmjaundice
Lysosomesm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmWhichmcellmcomponentmismcapablemofmcellularmautodigestionmwhenmitmismrele
asedmduringmcellminjury?
a.mlysosomes
b.mribosomesc.msmoothmendoplasmi
cmreticulum
d.mgolgimcomplex
Whichmcomponentmofmthemcellmproducesmhydrogenmperoxidem(H2O2)mbymusingmoxygenmtomremov
emhydrogenmatomsmfrommspecificmsubstratesminmanmoxidativemreaction?
A)mlysosomes
,B)mperoxisomes
C)mribosomes
D)moxyhydrosomesm-mCORRECTmANSWERmAns:mB-mperoxisomes
Containmorganellesmandmcomplexminternalmmembranesm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmThemdifferencembetweenmeukaryotesmandmprokaryotesmismthatmeukaryotes:
a.mallmofmthesemanswersmaremcorrect
b.maremsmallerminmsize
c.mcontainmorganelles
d.mhavemnomnuclearmmembrane
Whatmismamconsequencemofmplasmammembranemdamagemtomthemmitochondria?
A)menzymaticmdigestionmhaltsmdeoxyribonucleicmacidm(DNA)msynthese
B)minfluxmofmcalciummionsmhaltsmadenosinemtriphosphatem(ATP)mproduction
C)medemamfrommanminfluxminmsodiummcausesmamreductionminmATPmproduction
D)mpotassiummshiftsmoutmofmthemmitochondria,mwhichmdestroysmtheminfrastructurem-
mCORRECTmANSWERmAns:mB-
minfluxmofmcalciummionsmhaltsmadenosinemtriphosphatem(ATP)mproduction
Packagesmproteinmformsecretionmtomthemoutsidemofmthemcellm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmWhichmofmthemfollowingmismfunctionmofmGolgi?
a.mPackagesmproteinmformsecretionmtomthemoutsidemofmthemcell
b.mProducesmATPmformcellmfunction
c.mContainsmhydrolyticmenzymes
d.mIsmthemsitemofmproteinmsynthesisminmamcell
,Whichmstatementmismamdescriptionmofmonemofmthemcharacteristicsmofmapoptosis?
A)mapoptosisminvolvesmprogrammedmcellmdeathmofmscatteredmsingelmcells
B)mapoptosismismcharacterizedmbymthemswellingmofmthemnucleusmandmthemcytoplasm
C)mapoptosisminvolvesmunpredictablempatternsmofmcellmdeath
D)mapoptosismresultsminmbenignmmalignanciesm-mCORRECTmANSWERmAns:mA-
mapoptosisminvolvesmprogrammedmcellmdeathmofmscatteredmsingelmcells
Duringmcellminjurymcausedmbymhypoxia,msodiummandmwatermmovemintomthemcellmbecause:
A)mduringmcellminjurymcausembymhypoxia,msodiummandmwatermmovemintomthemcellmbecause:
B)mthempumpmthatmtransportsmsodiummoutmofmthemcellmcannotmfunctionmbecausemofmamdecreasemin
madenosinemtriphosphatem(ATP)mlevels
C)mthemosmoticmpressuremismincreased,mwhichmpullsmadditionalmsodiummacrossmthemcellmmembran
e
D)moxygenmismnotmavailablemtombindmwithmsodiummtommaintainmitmoutsidemofmthemcellm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmAns:mC-
mthemosmoticmpressuremismincreased,mwhichmpullsmadditionalmsodiummacrossmthemcellmmembrane
Ismthemsitemofmproteinmsynthesisminmamcellm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmWhichmofmthemfollowingmismfunctionmofmthemroughmendoplasmicmreticulum?
a.mContainsmhydrolyticmenzymes
b.mIsmthemsitemofmproteinmsynthesisminmamcell
c.mPackagesmproteinmformsecretionmtomthemoutsidemofmthemcell
d.mProducesmATPmformcellmfunction
Obesitymcreatesmamgreatermriskmformdehydrationminmpeoplembecause:
, A)madiposemcellsmcontainmlittlemwatermbecausemfatmismwatermrepelling
B)mthemmetabolicmratesmofmobesemadultsmaremslowermthanmthosemofmleanmadults
C)mthemratesmofmurinemoutputmofmobesemadultsmaremhighermthanmthosmofmleanmadults
D)mthemthirstmreceptorsmofmthemhypothalamusmdomnotmfunctionmeffectivelym-
mCORRECTmANSWERmAns:mA-madiposemcellsmcontainmlittlemwatermbecausemfatmismwatermrepelling
Epigeneticmmodificationsm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmWhatmgeneticmprocessmismlikelymresponsiblemformthemoccurrencemofmasthmami
nmonlymonemofmampairmofmidenticalmtwins?
a.mgenomicmimprinting
b.mepigeneticmmodifications
c.mmethylation
d.mtransgenerationalminheritance
RNAmismsynthesizedmfrommamDNAmtemplatem-
mCORRECTmANSWERmTranscriptionmismbestmdefinedmasmamprocessmbymwhich
a.mAmbasempairmsubstitutionmresultsminmammutationmofmthemaminomacidmsequence
b.mDNAmpolymerasembindsmtomthempromotermsitemonmRNA.
c.mRNAmdirectsmthemsynthesismofmribosomesmformproteinmsynthesis
d.mRNAmismsynthesizedmfrommamDNAmtemplate
nondisjunctionmerrorm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmWhatmismthemmostmcommonmcausemofmDownmsyndrome?
a.mpaternalmtranslocation
b.mpaternalmviralmillness
c.mnondisjunctionmerror
d.mmaternalmviralmillness
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY,
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINALS
(2026/2027) UPDATE|EXAM 160
QUESTIONS WITH MULTIPLE
CHOICES |VERIFIED & REVISED
ANSWERS (NEW)!!!
physiologicmjaundicem-mCORRECTmANSWERmAm3-
daymoldminfantmismnotedmtomhavemammildlymelevatedmunconjugatedmbilirubinmlevelmandmicterus.mYo
urmconcernmismthatmthismchildmmaymhave:
a.mphysiologicmjaundice
b.mkernicterus
c.mglucose-6-phosphatemdehydrogenasemdeficiency
d.mpathologicmjaundice
Lysosomesm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmWhichmcellmcomponentmismcapablemofmcellularmautodigestionmwhenmitmismrele
asedmduringmcellminjury?
a.mlysosomes
b.mribosomesc.msmoothmendoplasmi
cmreticulum
d.mgolgimcomplex
Whichmcomponentmofmthemcellmproducesmhydrogenmperoxidem(H2O2)mbymusingmoxygenmtomremov
emhydrogenmatomsmfrommspecificmsubstratesminmanmoxidativemreaction?
A)mlysosomes
,B)mperoxisomes
C)mribosomes
D)moxyhydrosomesm-mCORRECTmANSWERmAns:mB-mperoxisomes
Containmorganellesmandmcomplexminternalmmembranesm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmThemdifferencembetweenmeukaryotesmandmprokaryotesmismthatmeukaryotes:
a.mallmofmthesemanswersmaremcorrect
b.maremsmallerminmsize
c.mcontainmorganelles
d.mhavemnomnuclearmmembrane
Whatmismamconsequencemofmplasmammembranemdamagemtomthemmitochondria?
A)menzymaticmdigestionmhaltsmdeoxyribonucleicmacidm(DNA)msynthese
B)minfluxmofmcalciummionsmhaltsmadenosinemtriphosphatem(ATP)mproduction
C)medemamfrommanminfluxminmsodiummcausesmamreductionminmATPmproduction
D)mpotassiummshiftsmoutmofmthemmitochondria,mwhichmdestroysmtheminfrastructurem-
mCORRECTmANSWERmAns:mB-
minfluxmofmcalciummionsmhaltsmadenosinemtriphosphatem(ATP)mproduction
Packagesmproteinmformsecretionmtomthemoutsidemofmthemcellm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmWhichmofmthemfollowingmismfunctionmofmGolgi?
a.mPackagesmproteinmformsecretionmtomthemoutsidemofmthemcell
b.mProducesmATPmformcellmfunction
c.mContainsmhydrolyticmenzymes
d.mIsmthemsitemofmproteinmsynthesisminmamcell
,Whichmstatementmismamdescriptionmofmonemofmthemcharacteristicsmofmapoptosis?
A)mapoptosisminvolvesmprogrammedmcellmdeathmofmscatteredmsingelmcells
B)mapoptosismismcharacterizedmbymthemswellingmofmthemnucleusmandmthemcytoplasm
C)mapoptosisminvolvesmunpredictablempatternsmofmcellmdeath
D)mapoptosismresultsminmbenignmmalignanciesm-mCORRECTmANSWERmAns:mA-
mapoptosisminvolvesmprogrammedmcellmdeathmofmscatteredmsingelmcells
Duringmcellminjurymcausedmbymhypoxia,msodiummandmwatermmovemintomthemcellmbecause:
A)mduringmcellminjurymcausembymhypoxia,msodiummandmwatermmovemintomthemcellmbecause:
B)mthempumpmthatmtransportsmsodiummoutmofmthemcellmcannotmfunctionmbecausemofmamdecreasemin
madenosinemtriphosphatem(ATP)mlevels
C)mthemosmoticmpressuremismincreased,mwhichmpullsmadditionalmsodiummacrossmthemcellmmembran
e
D)moxygenmismnotmavailablemtombindmwithmsodiummtommaintainmitmoutsidemofmthemcellm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmAns:mC-
mthemosmoticmpressuremismincreased,mwhichmpullsmadditionalmsodiummacrossmthemcellmmembrane
Ismthemsitemofmproteinmsynthesisminmamcellm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmWhichmofmthemfollowingmismfunctionmofmthemroughmendoplasmicmreticulum?
a.mContainsmhydrolyticmenzymes
b.mIsmthemsitemofmproteinmsynthesisminmamcell
c.mPackagesmproteinmformsecretionmtomthemoutsidemofmthemcell
d.mProducesmATPmformcellmfunction
Obesitymcreatesmamgreatermriskmformdehydrationminmpeoplembecause:
, A)madiposemcellsmcontainmlittlemwatermbecausemfatmismwatermrepelling
B)mthemmetabolicmratesmofmobesemadultsmaremslowermthanmthosemofmleanmadults
C)mthemratesmofmurinemoutputmofmobesemadultsmaremhighermthanmthosmofmleanmadults
D)mthemthirstmreceptorsmofmthemhypothalamusmdomnotmfunctionmeffectivelym-
mCORRECTmANSWERmAns:mA-madiposemcellsmcontainmlittlemwatermbecausemfatmismwatermrepelling
Epigeneticmmodificationsm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmWhatmgeneticmprocessmismlikelymresponsiblemformthemoccurrencemofmasthmami
nmonlymonemofmampairmofmidenticalmtwins?
a.mgenomicmimprinting
b.mepigeneticmmodifications
c.mmethylation
d.mtransgenerationalminheritance
RNAmismsynthesizedmfrommamDNAmtemplatem-
mCORRECTmANSWERmTranscriptionmismbestmdefinedmasmamprocessmbymwhich
a.mAmbasempairmsubstitutionmresultsminmammutationmofmthemaminomacidmsequence
b.mDNAmpolymerasembindsmtomthempromotermsitemonmRNA.
c.mRNAmdirectsmthemsynthesismofmribosomesmformproteinmsynthesis
d.mRNAmismsynthesizedmfrommamDNAmtemplate
nondisjunctionmerrorm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmWhatmismthemmostmcommonmcausemofmDownmsyndrome?
a.mpaternalmtranslocation
b.mpaternalmviralmillness
c.mnondisjunctionmerror
d.mmaternalmviralmillness
