BIO 110 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | COMPLETE BIOLOGY EXAM 2
STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
What is fundamentally unique about the cell? - ANS ✔✔They are small, fundamental units of life, and
can copy themselves.
Know the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. - ANS ✔✔Prokaryotes:
No nucleus: Bacteria+ Archaea
Eukaryotes: Nucleus: Eukaryote (protists,fungi, animals+ plants)
Basic Functions(similar)
- Plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes
Prokaryotic Cells - ANS ✔✔- No nucleus
- DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
- No membrane-bound organelles
- Cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane
Eukaryotic Cells - ANS ✔✔- DNA in a nucleus bound by nuclear even elope
- Membrane bound-organelles
- Cytoplasm between plasma membrane + nucleus
Understand cell membrane structure and function. How are they related? - ANS ✔✔Structure: Double
layer of phospholipids(hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic heads, transport proteins)
Function: Selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste. Participates in
metabolism.
Related? The set-up w/proteins allows the membrane to be semi-permeable. "Pick and choose" what
can pass.
Be able to relate the following of each other: cytoplasm, nucleus, nuclear membrane, chromosome,
chromatin. - ANS ✔✔Cytoplasm: Material within a living cell
Nucleus: contains genetic material
Nuclear Membrane: double membrane that encloses the nucleus
Chromsome: Nucleic acids + proteins found in nucleus(genes)
Chromatin: material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria are made of(protein,
RNA, and DNA)
Connections??? Chromatin makes up chromosomes which is coiled and held up in the nucleus. The
nuclear membrane envelopes the nucleus, and the cytoplasm surrounds it.
, Function of ribosomes - ANS ✔✔-Carry out protein synthesis
- Made up of rRNA+ proteins
Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS ✔✔- Transports things throughout the cell. Accounts for >50%
of the membrane in the eukaryotic cell + continuous with the nuclear envelope
*Smooth and Rough ER*
Function of Golgi Apparatus - ANS ✔✔Modifies products from ER and manufactures macromolecules
and sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
Function of Lysosomes - ANS ✔✔Digest proteins, fats, polysaccharides and nucleic acids(digestive
compartments)
Function of Vacuoles - ANS ✔✔Store things
Food: formed by phagocytosis
Contractile: Pump excess water out of cells
Central: Hold organic compounds and water in plant cells
Function of Mitochondria - ANS ✔✔-Site of cellular respiration
- Makes energy(ATP)
Function of Chloroplasts - ANS ✔✔(in plants) uses sunlight and converts it to energy. They do this
through photo synthesis
Cytoskeleton - ANS ✔✔Gives the cell shape, support, and facilitated movement.
What is the difference between smooth and rough ER? What are their functions? - ANS ✔✔Smooth
ER(does not have ribosomes)
- Functions: Synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs
Rough ER(ribosomes)
-Functions: Response for the assembly of many proteins
What is meant by the "endomembrane system" and why are these organelles group? - ANS
✔✔Endomembrane system: Regulates protein traffic + performs metabolic functions
Grouped? Common functions and allows it them to function more efficiently
What is the endosymbiotic theory and what are its implications? - ANS ✔✔How eurkayotes became to
be
- A cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell and put it to work
Implications? Points to evolutionary biology and that mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be
eukaryotic cells because of DNA
STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
What is fundamentally unique about the cell? - ANS ✔✔They are small, fundamental units of life, and
can copy themselves.
Know the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. - ANS ✔✔Prokaryotes:
No nucleus: Bacteria+ Archaea
Eukaryotes: Nucleus: Eukaryote (protists,fungi, animals+ plants)
Basic Functions(similar)
- Plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes
Prokaryotic Cells - ANS ✔✔- No nucleus
- DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
- No membrane-bound organelles
- Cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane
Eukaryotic Cells - ANS ✔✔- DNA in a nucleus bound by nuclear even elope
- Membrane bound-organelles
- Cytoplasm between plasma membrane + nucleus
Understand cell membrane structure and function. How are they related? - ANS ✔✔Structure: Double
layer of phospholipids(hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic heads, transport proteins)
Function: Selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste. Participates in
metabolism.
Related? The set-up w/proteins allows the membrane to be semi-permeable. "Pick and choose" what
can pass.
Be able to relate the following of each other: cytoplasm, nucleus, nuclear membrane, chromosome,
chromatin. - ANS ✔✔Cytoplasm: Material within a living cell
Nucleus: contains genetic material
Nuclear Membrane: double membrane that encloses the nucleus
Chromsome: Nucleic acids + proteins found in nucleus(genes)
Chromatin: material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria are made of(protein,
RNA, and DNA)
Connections??? Chromatin makes up chromosomes which is coiled and held up in the nucleus. The
nuclear membrane envelopes the nucleus, and the cytoplasm surrounds it.
, Function of ribosomes - ANS ✔✔-Carry out protein synthesis
- Made up of rRNA+ proteins
Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS ✔✔- Transports things throughout the cell. Accounts for >50%
of the membrane in the eukaryotic cell + continuous with the nuclear envelope
*Smooth and Rough ER*
Function of Golgi Apparatus - ANS ✔✔Modifies products from ER and manufactures macromolecules
and sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
Function of Lysosomes - ANS ✔✔Digest proteins, fats, polysaccharides and nucleic acids(digestive
compartments)
Function of Vacuoles - ANS ✔✔Store things
Food: formed by phagocytosis
Contractile: Pump excess water out of cells
Central: Hold organic compounds and water in plant cells
Function of Mitochondria - ANS ✔✔-Site of cellular respiration
- Makes energy(ATP)
Function of Chloroplasts - ANS ✔✔(in plants) uses sunlight and converts it to energy. They do this
through photo synthesis
Cytoskeleton - ANS ✔✔Gives the cell shape, support, and facilitated movement.
What is the difference between smooth and rough ER? What are their functions? - ANS ✔✔Smooth
ER(does not have ribosomes)
- Functions: Synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs
Rough ER(ribosomes)
-Functions: Response for the assembly of many proteins
What is meant by the "endomembrane system" and why are these organelles group? - ANS
✔✔Endomembrane system: Regulates protein traffic + performs metabolic functions
Grouped? Common functions and allows it them to function more efficiently
What is the endosymbiotic theory and what are its implications? - ANS ✔✔How eurkayotes became to
be
- A cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell and put it to work
Implications? Points to evolutionary biology and that mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be
eukaryotic cells because of DNA
