BIOD 331 MODULE 1 EXAM VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
pathophysiology - Answers - not only the cellular and organ changes that occur with
disease, but also the effects that these changes have on total body function.
5 etiologic factors and example - Answers - Biologic agents (bacteria, viruses), physical
forces (trauma, burns, radiation), chemical agents (poisons, alcohol), one's genetic
inheritance, and nutritional excesses or deficiencies.
two types of risk factors - Answers - Risk factors can be categorized as congenital
conditions (present at birth) or acquired defects (occurring after birth).
morphology - Answers - the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues
histology - Answers - the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
symptom - Answers - a subjective complaint, for example pain, trouble breathing, or
dizziness
sign - Answers - an objective manifestation, for example an elevated temperature, a
swollen extremity, or changes in pupil size.
3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis - Answers - The diagnostic process
requires a careful history, physical examination (PE), and sometimes diagnostic tests
validity - Answers - how a tool measures what it is intended to measure
reliability - Answers - how likely the same result will occur if repeated.
sensitivity - Answers - the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that
disease.
specificity - Answers - people without the disease who are negative on a given test.
epidemiology - Answers - the study of disease occurrence in human populations. It
tracks age, race, dietary habits, lifestyle, or geographic location.
incidence - Answers - the number of new cases in a population at risk during a specified
time
prevalence - Answers - the number of people with the disease in a population in a given
time
, morbidity - Answers - the effect of an illness on one's life
mortality - Answers - statistics that deal with the cause of death in a population
primary prevention - Answers - to remove risk factors to prevent disease from occurring-
taking folic acid while pregnant to prevent neural tube defects, vaccinating children to
prevent communicable disease, eating healthy and exercising to prevent heart disease,
and wearing seatbelts or helmets.
secondary prevention - Answers - aims to detect and treat disease early, usually while
the disease is asymptomatic and curable- annual Pap smears to detect early cervical
cancer, encouraging smoking cessation, checking blood pressure and cholesterol, and
colonoscopy screening
tertiary prevention - Answers - occurs after a disease has been diagnosed and clinical
intervention is needed to reduce complications or deterioration- certain medications one
must take after a heart attack to help reduce the risk of a future event or death.
evidence-based practice - Answers - the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of
current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. This is
to counteract "the way things have always been done," and to practice based on clinical
research.
the 3 primary structures of the cell - Answers - the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the
plasma membrane.
the function of the nucleus - Answers - the control center for the cell and contains most
of the hereditary material, DNA and RNA.
3 structures in the nucleus - Answers - Chromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope
organelles located in the cytoplasm - Answers - the ribosomes, ER, Golgi complex,
mitochondria, and lysosomes.
role of ribosomes - Answers - the site of protein synthesis in the cell
role of the rough ER - Answers - has ribosomes and functions to synthesize lysosomal
enzymes.
role of the smooth ER - Answers - does not have ribosomes and is the site for lipid,
lipoprotein, and steroid hormone synthesis.
function of lysosomes - Answers - the digestive system of the cell
function of peroxisomes - Answers - smaller than lysosomes and function in the control
of free radicals
pathophysiology - Answers - not only the cellular and organ changes that occur with
disease, but also the effects that these changes have on total body function.
5 etiologic factors and example - Answers - Biologic agents (bacteria, viruses), physical
forces (trauma, burns, radiation), chemical agents (poisons, alcohol), one's genetic
inheritance, and nutritional excesses or deficiencies.
two types of risk factors - Answers - Risk factors can be categorized as congenital
conditions (present at birth) or acquired defects (occurring after birth).
morphology - Answers - the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues
histology - Answers - the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
symptom - Answers - a subjective complaint, for example pain, trouble breathing, or
dizziness
sign - Answers - an objective manifestation, for example an elevated temperature, a
swollen extremity, or changes in pupil size.
3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis - Answers - The diagnostic process
requires a careful history, physical examination (PE), and sometimes diagnostic tests
validity - Answers - how a tool measures what it is intended to measure
reliability - Answers - how likely the same result will occur if repeated.
sensitivity - Answers - the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that
disease.
specificity - Answers - people without the disease who are negative on a given test.
epidemiology - Answers - the study of disease occurrence in human populations. It
tracks age, race, dietary habits, lifestyle, or geographic location.
incidence - Answers - the number of new cases in a population at risk during a specified
time
prevalence - Answers - the number of people with the disease in a population in a given
time
, morbidity - Answers - the effect of an illness on one's life
mortality - Answers - statistics that deal with the cause of death in a population
primary prevention - Answers - to remove risk factors to prevent disease from occurring-
taking folic acid while pregnant to prevent neural tube defects, vaccinating children to
prevent communicable disease, eating healthy and exercising to prevent heart disease,
and wearing seatbelts or helmets.
secondary prevention - Answers - aims to detect and treat disease early, usually while
the disease is asymptomatic and curable- annual Pap smears to detect early cervical
cancer, encouraging smoking cessation, checking blood pressure and cholesterol, and
colonoscopy screening
tertiary prevention - Answers - occurs after a disease has been diagnosed and clinical
intervention is needed to reduce complications or deterioration- certain medications one
must take after a heart attack to help reduce the risk of a future event or death.
evidence-based practice - Answers - the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of
current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. This is
to counteract "the way things have always been done," and to practice based on clinical
research.
the 3 primary structures of the cell - Answers - the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the
plasma membrane.
the function of the nucleus - Answers - the control center for the cell and contains most
of the hereditary material, DNA and RNA.
3 structures in the nucleus - Answers - Chromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope
organelles located in the cytoplasm - Answers - the ribosomes, ER, Golgi complex,
mitochondria, and lysosomes.
role of ribosomes - Answers - the site of protein synthesis in the cell
role of the rough ER - Answers - has ribosomes and functions to synthesize lysosomal
enzymes.
role of the smooth ER - Answers - does not have ribosomes and is the site for lipid,
lipoprotein, and steroid hormone synthesis.
function of lysosomes - Answers - the digestive system of the cell
function of peroxisomes - Answers - smaller than lysosomes and function in the control
of free radicals
