N1 PATHO AND HCD MODULE B EXAM UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

N1 PATHO AND HCD MODULE B EXAM UPDATED
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

Question:
Arterial blood pressure
Answer:
The force that distributes blood to the capillaries; a measure of the pressure exerted by
the blood as it flows through the arteries

Question:
Peripheral vascular disease
Answer:
Includes any disorder that affects any blood vessels (peripheral arteries and veins);
includes vessels outside of the heart and brain.

Question:
Arteriosclerosis
Answer:
thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries; thickening, loss of elasticity, and
calcification of arterial walls

Question:
Atherosclerosis
Answer:
A form of arteriosclerosis in which deposits of fat and fibrin obstruct and harden the
arteries

Question:
Deep vein thrombosis
Answer:
a blood clot in a vein; the most common cause of chronic venous insufficiency

Question:
Pulmonary Circulation
Answer:
low pressure, low resistance blood moves slower to allow for gas exchange Moves blood
through lungs, creates link with gas exchange function of respiratory system.

Question:
Systemic Circulation
Answer:
high pressure, high resistance Supplies all other tissues of the body

,Question:
large arteries
Answer:
(aorta) function mainly in transport of blood

Question:
Medium-sized arteries
Answer:
composed predominantly of circular and spirally arranged smooth muscle cells.
Distribution of blood flow to the various organs and tissues of the body is controlled by
contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle of these vessels. (coronary and renal
arteries)

Question:
Small arteries & arterioles
Answer:
pass through the tissues; function to regulate capillary blood flow.

Question:
Veins
Answer:
-Low-pressured, thin-walled vessels -2 components: superficial (saphenous) and deep
(iliac, femoral, popliteal, tibial) -Connected by perforator (communicating veins) -Rely
on skeletal muscle pump and changes in abdominal and intrathoracic pressure to
return blood to the heart -One-way valves prevent backflow of blood

Question:
Nitric Oxide
Answer:
vasodilation; relax smooth muscle and inhibit platelet aggregation

Question:
Angiotensin II
Answer:
causes vasoconstriction increases blood pressure by stimulating kidneys to reabsorb
more water and by releasing aldosterone

Question:
Endothelium cells
Answer:
Line various sized blood vessels -Semipermeable membrane, function to modulate
blood flow and vascular resistance -Controls platelet adhesion and blood clotting

,Question:
endothelial dysfunction
Answer:
potentially reversible changes in endothelial function that occur in response to
environmental stimuli cause inflammation, hemodynamic stresses and lipid products
that are critical to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

Question:
Vascular smooth muscle cells
Answer:
Form tunica media
- produce vasoconstriction or dilation of blood vessels in response to hormonal and
nerve stimuli
- They form a cap over fatty streaks in atherosclerosis

Question:
Atherosclerosis and peripheral arterial disease patho
Answer:
1. Endothelial injury: INITIATING FACTOR (can be caused by smoking, elevated LDL,
stress, immune mechanisms)
2. Migration of inflammatory cells to endothelium: early response to inflammation,
monocytes attach to endothelium, travel to intima, turn into macrophages and engulf
lipids-> foam cells
3. Lipid accumulation and smooth muscle cell proliferation: progression of lesion->
foam cells die leaving necrotic debris and lipids in vessel
4. Plaque structure: the fibrous cap is compound of SMC, elastin, and collagen. Below
the cap is a layer of lipid laden foam cells and fatty debris. If plaques rupture the vessel
can become occluded.

Question:
Atherosclerosis/ PAD risk factors
Answer:
Elevated CRP- marker for standard inflammation -hypercholesterolemia especially high
LDLs -HTN -DM2, -increased age -family history of heart disease -male sex (women have
estrogen protection) -after menopause female risk increases -smoking (promotes
platelets to clot) -obesity

Question:
Atherosclerosis Manifestations
Answer:
can occur RT acute arterial occlusion- embolus or thrombus or chronic disease
-weekend lg vessel walls -ischemia due to occlusion

, Question:
Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
Answer:
Acute arterial occlusion- embolus or thrombus Chronic Arterial Disease -Results from
atherosclerosis in arteries of lower extremities -inadequate blood flow -plaque tends to
form at bifurcations
- Ulcers on TOES

Question:
Peripheral Venous Disease
Answer:
-Affects veins
- increased hydrostatic pressure (prolonged standing), incompetent valves, DVT,
endothelial dysfunction -results in inadequate return of blood from the extremities
- Ulcers on Lower legs/ankles -varicose veins

Question:
PAD etiology and patho
Answer:
arthrosclerosis; emboli or thrombosis

Question:
acute arterial occlusion clinical manifestations (PAD)
Answer:
7Ps:
pistol shot (acute onset) pallor polar (cold) pulselessness pain paresthesia paralysis

Question:
Chronic arterial insufficiency clinical manifestations (PAD)
Answer:
-Intermittent claudication (classic symptom) -pain relieved when legs dependent
-diminished/absent pedal/popliteal/femoral pulses, -elevation pallor -dependent RUBOR
-"rest pain" during inactive periods, when legs elevated, and decreased when legs
dependent -Cap refill >3 sec -paresthesia -skin that is thin, shiny & taut, hair loss on
limb, thickened toe nails -arterial ulcerations (usually "dry" ulcers that do not leak) on
toes -muscular atrophy

Question:
peripheral venous disease risk factors
Answer:
-female gender, age >30, pregnancy, prolonged standing, family history, obesity,
systemic disease, thrombophlebitis

Question:
peripheral venous disease etiology
Answer:
increase venous pressure, incompetent valves, deep vein obstructions, DVT, decreased
function of skeletal mm pumps, inflammatory process and endothelial dysfunction