NSG 317- Growth and Development Study Packet Revised Spring

Infants 0 to 1 years Erickson Level and An Example: Trust vs mistrust Example: Unresponsive caregivers who do not meet their baby’s needs can cause feelings of anxiety, fear, and mistrust; their baby may see the world as unpredictable. Piaget Level and An Example: Sensorimotor phase Example: Baby starts with reflexive behaviors as a newborn and moves into imitative behaviors of their parents by later infancy Vaccines: what are the vaccines this age group receives? Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DTaP), poliovirus, Hib, hepatitis B, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), influenza, chickenpox, meningococcal vaccines Birth Weight Doubles by 6 months Birth Weight Triples by 12 months Developmental Milestones: Gross Fine Sensory Vocal Social/Cog 1 month Flexed position, can turn head side to side when prone, lifts head momentarily, marked head lag, asymmetric tonic neck reflex when supine, limp at knees/hips when held in a standing position, rounded back when in sitting position, absence of head control Hands mostly closed, strong grasp reflex, hand clenches on contact with rattle Fixates on moving object in range of 45 degrees at a distance of 8-10 inches, visual acuity is 20/100, follows light to midline, quiets when hears a voice Cries to express displeasure, makes small throaty sounds, makes comfort sounds while feeding Sensorimotor phase- stage 1 (birth-1 month), use of reflexes, and stage 2 (1-4 months), watches parents’ faces intently as parents talk to infant 2 months Less flexed position when prone, less head lag, can maintain head in same plane as rest of body when held in ventral suspension, when prone can life head 45 degrees, when in a sitting position head is held up but bends forward, asymmetric tonic neck reflex intermittently Hands often open, grasp reflex fading Binocular fixation and convergence to near objects begins, when supine follows a dangling toy from side to side beyond midline, visually searches to find sounds, turns head to side when sound is made at level of ear Vocalizes distinct from crying, crying becomes differentiated, coos, vocalizes to familiar voices Demonstrates social smile in response to stimuli 3 months Able to hold head more erect when sitting, but still bobs forward, has only slight head lag, assumes symmetric body positioning, able to raise head and shoulders from prone position to a 45-90 degree angle- bears weight on forearms, able to bear slight weight on legs when held in a standing position, regards own hands Actively holds rattle but will not reach for it, grasp reflex absent, hands kept loosely open, clutches own hand, pulls at blankets/clothes Follows object to periphery (180 degrees), locates sound by turning head to the side and looking in same direction, begins to coordinate stimuli from various sense organs Squeals to show pleasure, coos, babbles, chuckles, vocalizes when smiling, talks when spoken to, less crying while awake Considerable interest in surroundings, ceases crying when parent enters the room, recognizes familiar faces and objects, shows awareness of strange situations 4 months Almost no head lag, balances head well in sitting position, back less rounded, curved only in lumbar area, able to sit erect if propped up, able to raise chest and head off surface to 90 degrees, assumes predominant symmetric position, rolls from back to side Inspects and plays with hands, tries to reach objects with hands but overshoots, grasps objects with both hands, plays with rattle placed in hand, but can’t pick it up if dropped, can carry objects to mouth Able to accommodate to near objects, binocular vision fairly well established, can focus on a ½ inch block, beginning hand-eye coordination Make consonant sounds (n, k, g, p, b), laughs aloud, vocalization changes according to mood Stage 3, secondary circular reactions, demands attention by fussing, becomes bored if alone, enjoys social interaction, anticipates feeding when sees bottle, shows excitement with the whole body, shows interest in strange stimuli, begins to show memory 5 months No head lag, able to hold head erect while sitting, able to sit for longer periods when back is supported, back straight, when prone, assumes symmetric position with arms extended, can turn from belly to back, puts feet to mouth when supine Able to grab objects voluntarily, uses palmar grasp, bidextrous approach, plays with toes, takes objects directly to mouth, holds one block while regarding a second one Visually pursues a dropped object, is able to sustain visual inspection on an object, can localize sounds made below the ear Squeals, cooing vowel sounds interspersed with consonant sounds (ah-goo) Smiles at mirror image, pats bottle with both hands, rapid mood swings, more enthusiastically playful, can discriminate strangers from family, vocalizes displeasure when object is taken away, discovers parts of the body 6 months When prone can lift chest and upper abdomen off surface, bears weight on hands, lifts head when about to be pulled to a sitting position, sits in high chair with back straight, rolls from back to tummy, bears almost all weight while held in standing position, hand regard absent Resecures dropped objects, drops one block when another is given, grabs and manipulates small objects, holds bottle, grabs feet and pulls to mouth Adjusts posture to see an object, prefers more complex visual stimuli, can localize sounds made above ear, will turn head to the side then look up or down Begins to imitate sounds, babbling resembles one-syllable utterances (ma, mu, da, di). Vocalizes to toys and mirror image, takes pleasure in hearing own sounds Recognizes parents, begins to dear strangers, holds arms out to be held, definite likes and dislikes, begins to imitate, excites on hearing footsteps, briefly searches for dropped object (object permanence beginning), frequent mood swings 7 months When supine, spontaneously lifts head off surface, sits leaning forward on hands, when prone, bears weight on one hand, sits erect momentarily, bears full weight on feet, when held in a standing position, bounces actively Transfers objects from one hand to the other, unidextrous approach and grasp, holds 2 cubes more than momentarily, bangs cubes on table, rakes at a small object Can fixate on very small objects, responds to name, localizes sound by turning head in a curving arch, begins awareness of depth and space, taste preferences Produces vowel sounds and chained syllables (baba, dada), vocalizes 4 distinct vowel sounds, “talks” when others are talking Increasing fear of strangers, imitates simples acts/noises, tries to attract attention by coughing, plays peekaboo, keeps mouth closed to show dislike of food, oral aggressiveness in biting and mouthing, demonstrates expectation in response to repetition of stimuli 8 months Sits steadily unsupported, readily bears weight on legs when supported, may stand holding onto furniture, adjusts posture to reach an object Has beginning pincer grasp using index, 4th and 5th fingers against lower part of thumb, releases objects at will, rings bell purposely, retains 2 cubes wile regarding a third, secures an object by pulling on a string, persistently reaches for objects out of reach Makes consonant sounds t, d, w, listens selectively to familiar words, utterances signal emphasis and emotion, combines syllables such as dada, but doesn’t ascribe meaning to them Increasing anxiety over loss of parent, especially mom and fear of strangers, responds to word no, dislikes dressing/undressing and diaper changes 9 months Creeps on hands and knees, sits steadily on the floor for prolonged time (10 min), recovers balance when leaning forward, pulls to standing position and stands holding onto furniture Uses thumb and index fingers in crude pincer grasp, preference for use of dominant hand, grasps 3rd cube, compares 2 cubes by bringing them together Localizes sounds by turning head diagonally toward the sound, depth perception increasing Responds to simple verbal commands, comprehends “no-no” Parent is increasingly important, increasing interest in pleasing parent, begins to show fear of going to bed and being alone, puts arms in front of face to avoid having it washed 10 months Can change from prone to sitting position, stands while holding furniture, sits by falling down, recovers balance easily while sitting, while standing, lifts one foot to take a step Crude release of an object beginning, grasps bell by the handle Says dada and mama with meaning, comprehends “bye-bye”, may say one word (hi, bye, no) Imitates facial expressions, extends toy to another person, but will not release it, develops object permanence, repeats actions that attract laughter, pulls clothes of another for attention, plays interactive games (pat-a-cake), reacts to adult anger, cries when scolded, demonstrates independence in dressing, feeding, locomotion, looks at and follows pictures in a book