USMLE STEP 1 – CARDIO UPDATED STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

USMLE STEP 1 – CARDIO UPDATED STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
C




α1 Agonist Effects
-Vascular SM contraction
-Myadrisis
-↑↑ Urethral sphincter
-↑↑ BP
-Inhibition of Pacemaker activity leading to slowed conduction through the
AV Node (After stimulation of Carotid baroreceptors)


Right Dominant Circulation PDA arises from RCA


Left Dominant Circulation PDA arises from LCX


Standing from Supine Position Physiological Changes
-↓↓ Venous Return
-↓↓ Baroreceptor activity
-↓↓ Cerebral Bloow Flow



**The body responds to these changes by ↑↑ BP + ↑↑ Pulse + ↑↑ Cardiac
Output**


Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Antiporter which helps to re-establish the baseline Resting Potential which is
a key step during Phase 4 of the AP


Nesiritide MOA
-BNP Analogue


Effects
-Vasodilation
-↑↑ Urinary flow


Congenital Bicuspid Valve Early-onset Aortic Stenosis


ASD ECG
-Right Axis deviation
-Right Ventricular Hypertrophy


Cardiac Valves Cardiac Valves


A - Aortic Valve A-
B - Pulmonary Valve B-
C - Tricuspid Valve C-
D - Mitral Valve D-

, Granulomatosis w/ Polyangitis C-Anca "+"


Dx
-Lungs affected
-Kidneys affected
-Nose affected


Histo
-Necrotizing Arteritis w/ Epithelioid Histiocytes


Polyarteritis Nodosa Hep B-associated


Dx
-Kidneys affected
-Spares the Lungs


Histo
-Fibrinoid necrosis w/ Luminal narrowing


Transposition of the Great Vessels CXR
-Narrow Mediastinal shadow


Widely-split S2 ASD or Pulmonic Stenosis auscultation


Baroreceptor Firing Produces an increase in Parasympathetic impulses to the SA + AV Nodes


Effects
-Temporary inhibition of SA Node activity
-Slowed conduction through AV Node
-Prolonged AV Node Refractory Period


Mitral Regurgitation Etiology
-Rupture of the Papillary muscles