NSG 3113 - Pathophysiology Exam 1
Questions With Accurate Answers
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|South College
Question 1: Which cellular adaptation is characterized by a decrease in cell size and
metabolic activity?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size that occurs when cells are exposed to
decreased workload, nutrition, or blood supply. It is a common adaptive response to
reduced metabolic demand .
Question 2: A patient with chronic hypertension develops an enlarged left ventricle.
This is an example of:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to increased workload. The heart
responds to chronic pressure overload (hypertension) by enlarging individual myocytes,
leading to ventricular hypertrophy .
,Question 3: In response to chronic irritation from cigarette smoke, the normal ciliated
columnar epithelium of the bronchi is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. This
process is called:
A) Dysplasia
B) Hyperplasia
C) Anaplasia
D) Metaplasia
Answer: D
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with
another. It is an adaptive response to chronic irritation but can predispose to
malignancy if the irritant persists .
Question 4: During pregnancy, the breast tissue enlarges due to an increase in the
number of cells. This is known as:
A) Physiologic hyperplasia
B) Pathologic hyperplasia
C) Compensatory hypertrophy
D) Hormonal metaplasia
Answer: A
Rationale: Hormonal stimulation causes an increase in cell number in breast and uterine
tissue during pregnancy. This is a normal, controlled process (physiologic hyperplasia) .
Question 5: A patient with a history of chronic alcohol abuse develops liver cirrhosis.
The liver cells undergo necrosis and are replaced by fibrous tissue. This type of cell
death is called:
A) Apoptosis
B) Necrosis
,C) Autolysis
D) Pyknosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Necrosis is unprogrammed cell death resulting from injury, characterized by
cellular swelling, membrane rupture, and inflammation. In cirrhosis, hepatocyte necrosis
triggers fibrotic repair .
Question 6: A patient with chronic anemia presents with fatigue and pallor. Laboratory
studies reveal a hemoglobin of 8.5 g/dL. Which cellular adaptation is most likely
occurring in the bone marrow?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: A
Rationale: In response to chronic anemia, the bone marrow increases the production of
erythrocytes through hyperplasia, increasing the number of hematopoietic cells to
compensate for the low hemoglobin .
Question 7: A patient with a spinal cord injury develops muscle wasting in the lower
extremities. This is an example of:
A) Physiologic atrophy
B) Pathologic atrophy
C) Disuse atrophy
D) Both B and C
Answer: D
Rationale: Atrophy due to loss of innervation (denervation atrophy) is pathologic
atrophy. The muscles of paralyzed limbs shrink because they are no longer receiving
nerve stimulation, leading to decreased workload and metabolic activity .
, Question 8: A patient with chronic GERD develops Barrett's esophagus. This is an
example of:
A) Dysplasia
B) Hyperplasia
C) Anaplasia
D) Metaplasia
Answer: D
Rationale: In GERD, chronic acid reflux damages the normal squamous epithelium of
the esophagus. It is replaced by columnar epithelium with goblet cells (Barrett's
esophagus), a metaplastic change that is a precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma .
Question 9: Which of the following is TRUE about the sodium-potassium pump?
A) It pumps sodium into the cell and potassium out
B) It requires no energy
C) It maintains a negative charge inside the cell
D) It is not involved in maintaining cell volume
Answer: C
Rationale: The Na⁺/K⁺ pump actively transports 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ into the cell,
maintaining the resting membrane potential (negative inside). It is an active transport
mechanism requiring ATP .
Question 10: Free radical injury is caused by:
A) Decreased ATP production
B) Unpaired electrons reacting with lipids, proteins, and DNA
C) Increased intracellular calcium
D) Mitochondrial swelling
Answer: B
Questions With Accurate Answers
100% Guarantee Pass | Latest Update
|South College
Question 1: Which cellular adaptation is characterized by a decrease in cell size and
metabolic activity?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size that occurs when cells are exposed to
decreased workload, nutrition, or blood supply. It is a common adaptive response to
reduced metabolic demand .
Question 2: A patient with chronic hypertension develops an enlarged left ventricle.
This is an example of:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to increased workload. The heart
responds to chronic pressure overload (hypertension) by enlarging individual myocytes,
leading to ventricular hypertrophy .
,Question 3: In response to chronic irritation from cigarette smoke, the normal ciliated
columnar epithelium of the bronchi is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. This
process is called:
A) Dysplasia
B) Hyperplasia
C) Anaplasia
D) Metaplasia
Answer: D
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with
another. It is an adaptive response to chronic irritation but can predispose to
malignancy if the irritant persists .
Question 4: During pregnancy, the breast tissue enlarges due to an increase in the
number of cells. This is known as:
A) Physiologic hyperplasia
B) Pathologic hyperplasia
C) Compensatory hypertrophy
D) Hormonal metaplasia
Answer: A
Rationale: Hormonal stimulation causes an increase in cell number in breast and uterine
tissue during pregnancy. This is a normal, controlled process (physiologic hyperplasia) .
Question 5: A patient with a history of chronic alcohol abuse develops liver cirrhosis.
The liver cells undergo necrosis and are replaced by fibrous tissue. This type of cell
death is called:
A) Apoptosis
B) Necrosis
,C) Autolysis
D) Pyknosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Necrosis is unprogrammed cell death resulting from injury, characterized by
cellular swelling, membrane rupture, and inflammation. In cirrhosis, hepatocyte necrosis
triggers fibrotic repair .
Question 6: A patient with chronic anemia presents with fatigue and pallor. Laboratory
studies reveal a hemoglobin of 8.5 g/dL. Which cellular adaptation is most likely
occurring in the bone marrow?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: A
Rationale: In response to chronic anemia, the bone marrow increases the production of
erythrocytes through hyperplasia, increasing the number of hematopoietic cells to
compensate for the low hemoglobin .
Question 7: A patient with a spinal cord injury develops muscle wasting in the lower
extremities. This is an example of:
A) Physiologic atrophy
B) Pathologic atrophy
C) Disuse atrophy
D) Both B and C
Answer: D
Rationale: Atrophy due to loss of innervation (denervation atrophy) is pathologic
atrophy. The muscles of paralyzed limbs shrink because they are no longer receiving
nerve stimulation, leading to decreased workload and metabolic activity .
, Question 8: A patient with chronic GERD develops Barrett's esophagus. This is an
example of:
A) Dysplasia
B) Hyperplasia
C) Anaplasia
D) Metaplasia
Answer: D
Rationale: In GERD, chronic acid reflux damages the normal squamous epithelium of
the esophagus. It is replaced by columnar epithelium with goblet cells (Barrett's
esophagus), a metaplastic change that is a precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma .
Question 9: Which of the following is TRUE about the sodium-potassium pump?
A) It pumps sodium into the cell and potassium out
B) It requires no energy
C) It maintains a negative charge inside the cell
D) It is not involved in maintaining cell volume
Answer: C
Rationale: The Na⁺/K⁺ pump actively transports 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ into the cell,
maintaining the resting membrane potential (negative inside). It is an active transport
mechanism requiring ATP .
Question 10: Free radical injury is caused by:
A) Decreased ATP production
B) Unpaired electrons reacting with lipids, proteins, and DNA
C) Increased intracellular calcium
D) Mitochondrial swelling
Answer: B
